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  1. Hi! Mr. Swagatam

    OK, I see your concern that you are busy.
    I am very thankful that you allow me to use your design. And I also very pleased for your deep kindness that you are also interested to help me in technical matters.
    I am preparing things and thank you again for your great wish that I will be success.

    with Best Regards!!
    Dawit

  2. Dear Swag, I’m Claudio… ;-)… excuse me… could you imagine other features of inductor?… furthermore… someone thinks that the duty cycle should be in microsec order… what do you think about a ne555 flip-flop with 2n3055 to bear the high extracurrent? Bye

    • Hi Claudio 😉 Could you please tell me which schematic or concept are you referring to? I’ll try to answer to your query…

      • Hi Swag..;-)… I’m sorry… I’m referring to a simple schematic about the «cold electricity»… in the free energy section…

        • OK got it, yes you can try a IC 555 based oscillator for creating the collapsing the magnetic field, and subsequently cold electricity, however I am not sure what frequency would be ideal for this operation…

          • …ok.. but for the inductor?… its features is very vague… ;-(… can u help us? Thanx

            • I can help only once I test these concepts practically, I may do it sometime soon and will update the results here for sure…

  3. Hi! Mr. Swagatam
    I am Dawit and Electrical Engineer
    I have been working in different industries by giving maintenance for different electrical control system. Now when I come with your site and see your creative works I realy appreciated you and I have been myself ignited to such works and turn them to a business in home based. of course, I have not yet facilities for such production. What do you suggest me to have, and toward degree would you cooperate me to such manufacturing and turn them to business if it is your interest to work with your design works. In our country, Ethiopia, a lot of your works have business. for example home air ionizer would have a lot business In our gas polluted town Addis Ababa.
    Thank you in advance for your attention
    Dawit
    dave4me60@gmail.com
    I

    • Hi Dawit,

      I appreciate your offer and enthusiasm, you can feel free to use my designs for manufacturing and doing business in your country, however I personally wouldn’t be able to cooperate in this venture with you, because I am already too busy with many assignments here, so getting involved with any external business would be difficult.

      Anyway I Wish you all the success! Let me know if you need any help regarding any technical matters, I’ll be happy to help!

  4. Dear Swag,
    Please help design for me an instructable UNIVERSAL SMPS for High Power Amplifier voltage ranging from +/- 50v to +/-100v Dc.
    Thanks.

    • Dear Erntec, I am sorry I am not good with designing SMPS circuits, therefore presently it won’t be possible for me to help you in this regard..

  5. Thank you very much for replying sir.
    Is ok if you can give me the digital clock without the date, But will the time be set to work both French and English time?
    As for the link you sent, thanks very much but now my question is, if i assemble the circuit, can it be connected to the CDI as it is then the car speed be set to certain frequency? if yes then good, it will even be good because i can use one of the leds to energize a transistor as a switch then start to think of what to do next…
    i look forward to read from you and thanks a lot.
    Nkwenti.

    • Hi Nkwenti, I have a few digital clock circuits but I am not not sure whether translation may be possible or not? You can see them below

      https://www.homemade-circuits.com/arduino-digital-clock-using-rtc-module/
      https://www.homemade-circuits.com/7-segment-digital-clock-circuit-using/
      https://www.homemade-circuits.com/digital-clock-circuit-using-arduino-and/
      https://www.homemade-circuits.com/simple-digital-clock-circuit-explained/

      Yes definitely, you can use the earlier referred link to detect CDI spark rate and accordingly set the corresponding output from IC LM3915 to trigger a transistor stage for controlling the CDI

  6. Dear sir.
    Hope all is well with you, i must take my time to first of all appreciate all your good efforts and help you offer from your website,
    i have enjoyed a lot from your website, but i came accross a project from your website and i wonder if you can help do some modifications so that i can use it as my test projects coming up, i am basic but to build any circuit i have no problems doing that.
    i came accross a circuite under auto-mobile projects, the car speed indicator, dear sir, is there any way you can modify the circuit in such a way that, when the CDI gives signal about you over speeding, a circuit automatically stops your engine for at least 5minutes?

    Then as for the other help i will ask you is that, i am in need of a digital clock schematic that has date/month and time, if the digital clock can indicate time in French and English it would be excelent.
    thanks for your understandings and i will be looking forward to be reading from you.
    Nkwenti.

    • Thank you Nkwenti,

      I am sorry I do not have the digital clock circuit with month date, but you can perhaps find through a Google search.

      For the car speedometer cDI controller you could try the following concept:

      https://www.homemade-circuits.com/10-led-tachometer-circuit/

      From the 10th LED or 9th LED of LM3915, an IC 555 monostable could be added whose output could be integrated with the CDI for stopping it as soon as the sequence reached these LEDs.

      You can first verify the above circuit then I will proceed and tell you how to configure the IC 555 monostable.

  7. Thank you very much. I’ll try it out a.s.a.p.
    What is the difference in power consumption between the first and second iteration of this design?
    I’m probably being a pain, but can you give a breadboard illustration of both circuits. Or maybe a link to a VBB design.

    • You are welcome Andreas.

      I won’t recommend a breadboard assembly. This must be firmly assembled and tested on a veroboard, by soldering.

      Secondly the resistors involved with the LDR transistor will require some tweaked until the desired results are achieved.
      This circuit will not consume anything while it is in the standby mode…

      • Thank you, I have made the circuit with both designs….555 and bjt, had to play around a lot to get both working because of the difference in ldr’s. I added a cell phone to the setup with a relay connected to the dial button. Now I want to add a power failure backup utilising the cell phone’s own battery and over charge protection and also add a comparator circuit to both ldr’s, so a would be thief cannot just shine his own laser to disable the system.
        I would very much appreciate if you could maybe start a new post incorporating all these ideas into one circuit. I see you have a few other circuits that use some of these individually, but not one “fully incorporated” system.
        Again, thank you very much for you patience and all your help.

        • I am glad you could make it successfully. In order to make the design foolproof you could probably try making the opamp based circuit explained in the following concept:

          https://www.homemade-circuits.com/how-to-build-dual-solar-tracker-system/

          the shown motor could be relaced with an alarm, now if the intruder tried to balance the LdRs artificially he would fail drastically causing the hooter blow of.

          • Thank you, you have been soooooooo much help.
            I looked at the circuit you suggested sorry….I struggle a bit still with learning electronics…..how do I tie this into the 555 circuit, does pin 1 and 7 of the op amps go to pin 2 of the 555 as trigger?

            • You are welcome Andreas, sorry I did not get, which IC 555 stage are you referring to? the suggested LM324 will not require any other circuit, it has two LDRs which can be used with the laser for getting a foolproof implementation.

  8. Hi Swagatam,

    I made your smart alarm system that a guy from South Africa proposed recently and I really love the idea. Btw, i’m also from South Africa slightsmile emoticon ( the laser alarm system with two ldr’s,
    “Smart Laser Alarm Protection Circuit using IC 555”)
    I was wondering if you would be able to expand on the idea as follows :

    I would like for the system to have a back up battery, so that it is tamper proof and also wanted to know if the same result could somehow be achieved without using the 555 as it is very power hungry.
    Also, if you could incorporate a potentiometer or something so that the light intensity can be adjusted on the ldr’s. I am planning on putting mirrors around an area of 4 meters by 2 meters square for the system and the laser light is quite diminished by the time it has gone around that whole area.

    If possible, could you also let me know what a “kit” like this would cost.

    (Sent you message on Facebook, not sure if you got it, so sorry if i’m repeating the same 😉 )

    • Hi Andreas, I am glad you could make the project successfully.

      I have noted the improvements suggested by you, and will try to update the article with the modified design soon.

      • Thank you 🙂
        Another question, if i may…..
        Could one include various RC combinations and toggle them with a sweeper switch? I.e. 10 second RC combination, 30 second and 1 minute on a 3 pin sweeper switch so that you can choose the duration that the alarm will sound?

        Also, which changes would one have to make to include a gsm combination as in one of your other posts or can one just tie the one you made in on the pin three of this circuit?

        Again……Thank you very much for your help and dedication with this site. YOU ROCK!!!!!!

        • yes that’s also possible, in fact you can use only the Capacitor for the selection and get different time periods.

          sorry I am not too sure about the GSM integration, it will require some thinking…

  10. Hello Sir,
    Hope you will be good.
    I am a big follower of you, will you guide me how i design 2.5kva gasoline generator AVR or please share if you have any circuit related portable generator AVR.
    Waiting for your guidance.
    Regards,
    Waseem

    • Thank you Waseem,

      Although I am not sure how to control a generator output, it may be perhaps done by controlling the CDI ignition rate through a feedback from the generator output voltage…if possible I may present the concept as a new article.

  11. sir how to dim and use 6 or 12 volt batery to drive 50 watt led ( using TL494) thankyou for your attention sorry my bad english.

    • You can try the following concept

      https://www.homemade-circuits.com/5v-pwm-solar-battery-charger-circuit/

      you can remove the coil and associated diode.

  12. Hello swag. I am a regular visitor of you blog and it is awesome.
    I am trying to make a modified sine wave inverter. I have one unused raspberry pi 3, so I though of using it for generating pwm signal and use it with a square wave inverter. Will it work?

    • Thanks Manash, you can use any PWM source to create a modified sine wave, it doesn’t matter whether it is from an ordinary circuit or from a Rashberry pi or Arduino, all will produce similar results

        • No that will not do, for that you may have to employ the second circuit configuration from the following article

          https://homemade-circuits.com/arduino-pure-sine-wave-inverter-circuit/

  13. Hello!
    First of all I’ll appericiate you for your work.you are doing very good job…keep i up!

    Second I need a circuit which will need the following paramters.
    1. Run the motor after specific interval e.g after each hour.
    2. Motor should run off when there motor is not supplying water in upper tank (means dry run protection in upper tank.)
    3. If upper tank is full,motor should not run.
    4. If there is high or low voltages from a certain voltages than motor should not run.
    5. If there is power failure during startup, than motor should start after delaying some certain time when power restores(delay startup).

    I hope you can help me on this.

    Thanks in advance.

    • All these circuits are already published in my website in separate articles, you can search these articles and join them together for fulfilling the specified needs…

      • Thanks for your reply!

        I am very initial level hobbiest and could not enough knowledge to merge different circuits according to my requirement. Kindly guide me some so I can up track on my requirements. Or atleast give me list of you articles with guaidence to join these circuits which you think that can fulfills my requirement.

        You are doing very good work, and your website lead me to stay on from yesterday and i have bookmarked your website.

        • Thanks Umar, appreciate your interest.

          I think you should proceed step by step.

          for the timer circuit you can try the following design, if you succeed then we can move ahead with the next stages.

          https://homemade-circuits.com/submersible-timer-circuit-with-pause/

  14. Hello Sir,
    My name is Jameel Ahmed
    my english is not good.
    I want a Electricity Power Saver circuit for Home Application for saving power consumption,

  15. hello sir
    sir, In my flat there is a problem of light cutoff when alternating current gone. Our building's gate keeper start generator and we have to switch off all extra load (e.g fridge, a.c etc). There is nothing to notify when light comes again. Is their possible to detect generator current/voltage/freq. or alternating current/voltage/freq. . Please help me sir
    my gmail id is shivamchauhan20sep@gmail.com

  17. hi sir recently i purchased masquito bat and two days i used after that power of the battery completed, so tried to charge the battery its came one hour in charging time green light has glown, after one hour no green light came some small noise sound came from that green light is not coming so battery also not getting charge , so how to trouble shoot this circuit pls help me

  18. Hello Swagatam,

    I would like to meet you and discuss projects for welding machine. I am Mumbai based. My phone – 9820212263.

    Any time will be convenient to me. Please reply.

    Much awaiting,
    Nishant

  23. I want to make a led lighting circuit which will show the blood flow of human heart including open close indication of valve. Can you help me to do this project providing circuit diagram and details . I want to use 230 v ac supply for input. Kindly reply me in my email id uniqash@gmail.com.

  25. i like to build led sign but i have small knowlege with the pic16F And attiny 2313 That i try to study them. I asked my friend to help me because he has many knowlege in electronique than me.
    My dream is to drive many leds on one pin µcontroller. But i can't make it now.
    Perhaps swagatam will help me to solve this problem,thanks a lot for your good site.

  26. Hi Swagatam,
    This is RSBirman.
    Do you have any circuit which indicates open earth and has a NO/NC relay contacts which can trip the contactor if the earth is not connected and this will avoid the instrument from getting on.
    The sensitivity should be adjustable.

  27. Hi,
    I recently by mistake bought LED bulb(Great Value) from South America which is 110V. But I want 220V LED Bulb as I'm in Sri Lanka. Now I'm trying to do some modification on LED driver. Please help me to do this & Fix this bulb to use from 220V. Which parts need to change on the driver ?

  29. Hi Swagatam,

    I need a countdown timer with a relay which can be set to 1 to 5 minutes.
    I would like the timer to show the preset time on 7 segments e.g. 3 min. = 180 or 3.00
    When the time counts the 7 segments shall show the remaining time.
    When the time is up the relay must switch off.
    I don’t have Arduino and no skills in PIC programming yet.

    Can you help me out with a circuit / schematic?

    Thank you in advance,
    Henrik

  30. Dear Mr. Swagatam Majumdar,

    My name is Srinivas Chakravarthi & I am working on Electro-Chemical project, for my lab work, I need an Universal Power Supply (AC/DC) with variable Voltage, variable Current & Time controlled Polarity Switching.

    My requirements are:

    Variable Voltage 0-100 (V),

    Variable Current 0-100 (A),

    AC or

    DC with or without polarity Switching (1 to 10 minutes variable).

    If you can make one such universal power supply unit, I shall be very much grateful to you.

    Thanks & Regards,

    P.Srinivas Chakravarthi.
    09440840989.
    Vijayawada,
    Andhrapradesh.

  31. Dear Mr.Majumdar, I am Kamal Kumar from Chennai.
    I hope to find a good circuit for a battery eliminator with output dc power ranging from 1.5 to 12 or 15V and with its PCB design etc. can you kindly give me the same I will be very thankfull. I have searched every where on the internet but nothing seems good for what I am looking for. Thanks in anticipation.

  32. Hi Swagatam I am a fan of ur work..
    I need a help.
    My laptop and mobile over charges each night.
    I want to creat a circuit that can start supply at desired time later i.e that 2 or 3 or 4 hrs later and supply should should be ON again for desired time .
    I would have to enter how much time later Supply will be on and off..

    Thnx man, Your work is really great.

    Please inform me if you are working on this project.

  33. Hello Swagatam. I was thinking about put a sensor on the gasoline line from my motorcycle tank, near top, between the tank and the carburetor, that would consist of a pair of (innox?) leads like some mm separated from each other. This would detect the electrical conductivity inside the line, in direct contact with the fuel and while there is gasoline wetting it, it would output 0 volts, and when not (i.e. gasoline is ended and the line is becoming empty from the top), it would output positive (12v?) so I could light a warning light on the dashboard to avoid getting engine cut on a sudden. I can quickly turn the valve from to reserve position in this case. So when sensor wet, 0V(0); sensor "dry" 12V (1). What do you think? Thanks Sir.

  34. Hello,

    I love your website! I was looking at your circuit "twin or split battery charger" and I don’t see a value for the resistor between pins 1 &3, 7&5 for the LM358 is it 1k? I’m going to make a printed circuit board of this design using photo etching.

    My goal is to build a circuit that will charge one battery while running off another battery and when the run battery falls to a certain voltage level, switch to a charged battery. I am not looking to make an over-unity device; I am interested in experimenting with energy recovery to create long pulse motor run times. I expect the system to eventually die out but I want to see how long that process will take using air coils and back emf harvesting.

    Would this circuit work if I replace the batteries with two 100F 2.7v supercaps? Since the caps charge faster than lead acid batteries, this may help the efficiency of energy recovery during the run time windows.

    I love building things and your awesome ability to design such cool circuits makes people like myself enjoy hours of building these cool circuits and watching them come to life.

  35. Dear sir, i am very fond of u, by u i love electronics, u r really genius, u made electronics very simple.
    Sir i would like to request clap switch and timer circuit for 8 volts led bulb which remain on for a long time
    Please help me to solve the circuit.
    Thanking u
    Yours

  36. hello sir,

    i really liked the way you reply to queries and your good heart of sharing. May God bless you.

    please sir, am working on a project titled "remote controlled DUAL BAND MOBILE PHONE JAMMER"
    i hae tried searching for a working circuit diagram but hae been able to find one. please i will appreciate it if you could be of help. thank

    johnson

  38. Hi Mate,

    I am designing a Spot welder Controller with an Arduino and there is a need for a in rush current limiter. Would it possible for you to design the "In-rush-Current-limiter" i have read that it can be done in several ways. I will be using this to drive a Microwave oven transformer modified by rewiring the secondary to 3 turns of 3AWG wire for spot welding 18650 cells.

  39. Hi Swatagam!
    I would like to know if you could make a circuit that can activate a 12V 600ma stepper motor for 10 or 20 seconds every 3 hours or so. is that posible?
    Kind Regards,
    David Montenegro

  40. Sir, plz help me in making a circuit with following details. A 12 V relay is to be connected such that a momentary push switch turns it on BUT but after release of switch the the relay should not turn off immediately, rather it should turn off after some time say roughly 1minute. Thanks

  44. i need to assemble variable frequency(a pot can be use on output of 555 for variable amplitude) square wave funtion generator with frequenciies 1 Hz to 1MHz ,flexibility to vary amplitude of output ,555 should be used in astable mode and axact 50% duty cycle can be obtained on output plz help me sir in desining the above circiut i will be highly thankful to you

  46. Dear swagtom sir! I have heard that we can communicate by intercom using main ac power line home to home , i need communicate with my friend , there is about 3km-4km between our houses, but our ac power line is same, can you give me circuit communicate with him? please!

  48. dear sir, i will enough grateful to if you can provide me the complete circuit for e rikshaw with solar system alongwith complete electronic component value, please send it to amit46vm@yahoo.com/gmail.com
    regards
    amit

  49. This is just a simple question :
    Can i use a lower Ah battery charger(say 20,30)to charge a higher Ah battery ie 110Ah?What are the consequences?
    What is the difference in the charger circuit in both case?

  50. Hello Sir

    This Is Aravind Sir

    I Like To Know How To Make A Transformer And Its Calculation And I Google It But I Cant Find The Proper Calculation Method And I Find Around 7 Method Of Calculation But Its Not Proper With Manufactures Standard And Can You Please Help Me To Know It Sir

    Thanks You

  52. Hai Sir, this is Swetha…, Am persuing Btech final year. Want to do live project. I want Gravity Light project. Can you please send circuit diagram and report please. swetha.bindhu403@gmail.com

  53. hi sir i can you please design a circuit which will output 9v dc from a 12v battery efficiently . it can be by using ic 555. this will be use to run a rc toy car using 0.8A max. if possible can it be a variable output voltage dc. i have a 2n3055 transitor ,MJ11015 TRANSISTOR.

  54. hello sir ,this is vinod from mussoorie near dehradun.i am not an engineering student,but i have lot of interest to make different electronic items . sir i would like to know that is it possible to use usb drive in normal tv without hdmi and usb port, by putting some type of converter in between them.if yes please tell me the circuit diagram .

  56. I'm trying to make a circuit that will turn on them off a pair of 12v pumps in sort of a heart beat pattern, repeatedly. U haven't come closer. Any way you could help me with this?

  57. I'm trying to make a circuit that will turn on them off a pair of 12v pumps in sort of a heart beat pattern, repeatedly. U haven't come closer. Any way you could help me with this?

  58. Hi again ,
    thank you for all help you providing 🙂

    i think this circuit could be useful and after searching many sites i could not found a good circuit !!!

    i need a circuit which get 2 input for 12 volt DC 5 AMP power supply , and give one them in output ,
    if primary power supply fails , secondary power supply take the action , something like Redundant Power Supply,

    to my knowledge we could do it in 2 way
    1- ORing Diodes
    2-Fets

    would you please design a circuit like that ?

  59. hello sir

    I am zulfiqar
    I want to make a project which control the the lights, fans (and other appliances that are used in one room)
    from the another room .
    I have to use two controlller and a single wire communication between them

    If i press light button light should be on of other room and i press fan button fan sholud be on
    I have to controll the 8 things using two controllers

    Kindly help me in makin my project I will be greatfull to you

  62. hello sir this is shubham from maharashtra india,
    Sir my question is how general sine wave of a oscillator (consider colpits or hartly oscillator is differ from the sine wave which we use to power all AC powered equipment's. Is this possible that we can make a inverter circuit by using hartly or colpits oscillator, if yes then how? Please give me reply sir. Thanking you

  63. It looks good that you are doing lots of hard work for all your projects
    But i here wanted to you to suggest you to make your website more ineteractive &attractive for the user
    becoz if your site will be interactive then people will often like to keep on visiting it's an important aspect with your
    toil hard work . Thank U

  65. Hello Sir
    I am working on a project of designing 40W/15V SMPS. I have all schematics of 65W and triple output of 5V, 15V,-15V SMPS. for this SMPS feedback circuit is designed for 5V output. I want design Feedback circuit for 15V output. can you explain what changes i have to make for this and how would i chose parameters for feedback circuit. I am using NCP1203 for switching. My emailid is shefalip.06@gmail.com. Please sir send me your email id so that i could send you all schematics.

  66. Hi Swagatam,

    Nice blog you have, I am actually looking for a transformer less power supply something like mobile chargers but i want to operate relay using it, could you please help me with this. Do you know any place from where i can order these circuits or if i can myself make it at home.
    Any help will be appreciated.

    Thanks & Regards,
    Saiyad Rasikh

  67. Dear Swagatam,
    Searching for small invertor circuits i reached this website , i got a 100 watt invertor circuit diagram on this website which uses
    4047ic and irfz44n mosfet and successfully got running invertor thank you very much for this.
    now on the same lines using this same 4047ic circuit i was trying to develop a smps with higher frequency unlike 50hz above
    this time using irf840 mosfet and ferrite core of size 35mmX28mmX12mm primary winding of 300turns and seconday 18turns
    i am facing the problem of irf840 getting hot quickly and also this ferrite core transformer making vibrating sound squeaking sound of
    the high frequency of about 12khz to 18khz , actually i am not electronic educated but mechanical engg but having very much interest in developing and trying self useful electronic circuits
    kindly help me understand what makes mosfet to go hot quickly and transformer making vibrating squeaking sound
    thanks
    anand

  68. Sir i am omkar pawaskar
    i want to make a wind based mobile charger which can charge my mobile when i ride my bike
    m trying this from long but have failed pls guide

    omkar pawaskar

  69. hello sir,
    i want to make IR based fan regulator with 5 speed fan control it should not work like dimmer as dimmer based regulator make fans to create noise on slow speed. can u plz help me

  70. Hi Swagatam,
    I want to design DC-DC converter using OP-AMP. Specification is 12 VDC input and 48 V DC output. Can you please give some related circuits

  71. hi am mukund and am electronics hobbyist lover
    i need video transmission via fiber optic in low cost use for cctv video signal
    if you have any idea pls support me
    mukund yadav mymukund@gmail.com

  72. Hi swag, do you know Grid Tie Inverter with Limiter? Can you please design me a limiter that I can connect to any ordinary Grid Tie Inverter? Thanks

  73. Hello Andre,

    I'll try to design the circuit for you soon and let you know, by the way please do not post on this page as it has stopped responding to comment postings

  74. Hello Swagatam,
    I was wondering if you could possibly assist me. on the blogs I have seen some diagrams for simple variable power supplies. Firstly I know very little about electronics, but with a shopping list and a diagram I am sure I would be okay. I would like to build a simple variable power supply with an input of 220/240 volt ac and an output variable voltage of approx. 1.5V to approx. 15V and a variable output current of up to approx. 100A. I have started zinc electroplating as a hobby (have sweaty hands and want to protect all my tools) the chemical company gave me these as a more or less dependant on my zinc plating bath size. At the moment the little 6V 8A Ryobi battery charger works for a few minutes, overheats and cuts out till it cools down again. I would really appreciate any assistance you could give me on this.
    Many thanks
    Andre

  75. Dear Mr. Swagatam,

    Happy New Year 2015……
    GOD Bless You…….

    I come from Indonesia…
    I am Great fan of you, I like to go through your blogs and also the comments.

    So finally I got inspired and start to work on very simple requirement of mine.

    Please Help me Sir,
    so I Need Timer 3 Hour intervals and now I Have Schematics Two Hours….Can you help us to change its?

    Uploading the circuit diagram is not possible here so I have sent it via your email address hitman2008@live.in and homemadecircuits@gmail.com

    Best Regards,
    Anwar

  76. Dear Swagatam,
    I want to design DC to DC converter, Like 18 V from two battery 9V in series, by using I 200 or LM7809 to get 9 Volt with 600 mA, I can get the 9V from regulator, but I can not get 600 mA, How can I get the 600 mA.
    Thank you

  77. Hello everyone.

    I'm a electronic novice, and would like to purchase a simple timer circuit.

    I'm located in Hyderabad.

    Thanks..

    Sanjeev
    email: asanjeevomatic@gmail.com

  78. Hi,

    Hope you are fine. 🙂

    The purpose of writing here is to share with you an idea of a project – to design a "heart rate monitor alarm" which can be made by using commonly available low cost components and which will produce an audible alarm whenever the pulse rate of anyone is found to be abnormal. It should meet the following conditions as well:

    a. Compact and light weight, therefore portable
    b. Consume minimum power, therefore should run 24×7 for a month or two from a couple of AA batteries or a 9 volt pack
    c. Should be fairly accurate in it's performance

    I know there are many such circuits available on the net but their performance and reliability are questionable. The unit can be very useful especially for elderly people (with / without a heart disease), for patients who are bed ridden and so on. When the heart either beats at a rate higher/lower than a set average threshold value, the alarm will sound loudly enough to alert people around the patient.

    I hope that my proposal is clear to you. However, if you have any doubt, please drop me an e-mail.

    Thank you,
    Kind regards,
    Raj Kumar Mukherji

  81. In the https://homemade-circuits.com/2012/05/make-this-emf-pump-circuit-and-go-ghost.html how do you wire the cols
    Is it a single wire or multiple wires – the coild picture seems to show 3 wired on the lower right coil and only two wire for the other 3 – Where did the third wire come from ?

    Sorry for the stupid question I'm a noob

  82. This page is not responding to comments, however I have read your comment which you have posted, I'll do the required corrections in the DRL circuit.

  83. Hi,
    I need a circuit to start an Electric Generator automatically when power is failure, and then stop it when main power is ON. can you help me? is there any idea based on 555 timer sircuit using SPDT relay.I have a 3KV electric generator with selfstart option.
    Thanks.

  85. Hello sir,
    I need a circuit which will make 12 volt relay initially On, as soon as I trigger, relay should get OFF until I restart the hole circuit. Relay should stay OFF irrespective of thereafter triggering.

  86. hi Swagatam
    i have an ic voice recorder model vr330
    at first it was working well
    recently it always shut off "battery low" i replaced the battery but no success.. i used lm1117 3.3v but also the same result.. it always tell low battery and shut down..
    i checked every single item on the board but didnt find any item harmed
    is there any chance that i could fix it ?
    thank you

  88. Hello Sir Can you tell me how many 1 watt LED I can use in series on 12v 500mAh charger usually use for modems etc. Do I need any resistor to do such. Regards

  89. Hi i have a request :D, if it's possible. a circuit for a DRL (day running light.) made with 10 LED white, the circuit for led must be with impulse (impulse control) a potentiometer for frequence control , frequence between (i can see the led blink -and- over eyes can percept). if you have a idee. V=12 V

  92. Hello sir, I really need your help. Any suggestion of a circuit or electronics components I’ll be needed to build a circuit for an automated conveyor that could detect if the boxes are large, medium or small and sorted them to 3 different directions. The size of the conveyor is 10 inch by 18 inch. By the way sir I’m from Philippines and I’ am a currently second year college student taking up Electronics and communication engineering, and that project was my final requirements for industrial electronics sir. I really hope you’ll respond as soon as you saw this. Big thanks to you sir. Have a good day 

  93. Hello sir.
    I want to make simple SMPS welding machine for my personnel use .if u have any complete circuit and design please help me.
    thanks

  94. The circuit presented in the following link is correct and will surely work, although it's not yet tested by me, but I am sure about it.

    2.bp.blogspot.com/-Kn2Xo60G6wc/Txl5qizRSFI/AAAAAAAAAvM/Qbv2xxlIX6c/s1600/Musical+Door+Bell+with+Timer%252C+Circuit+Diagram%252C+Image.pn

  95. I made the circuit "Simple Door Bell Timer, with Adjustable Timing Facility" but it is not working. A few days ago I saw the same circuit in your site with some modification using bel8550 and 8050 transistors with some change. I am confuse that which one is correct and tested o.k. Please clarrify.

  98. Hello Swagatam –

    Your site is very good. Specially for those interested in Electronics & in Building. I have a Little Problem as I am just an electronic hobbyist. I am not aware much about the Components. Can make a Article page on this site explaining in details how to use PCB's, Correct way of connecting LED, Resisters, Diode's, Color Coding of Diodes, etc.

    This will help a New Hobbyist to learn a few circuits building. There are many Ready to build kits in the market and we get all the parts mentioned in your blog easily but are struck when we have to make the connections as we get confused as to which wire has to be connected to Positive point or Negative Point. If we connect it wrongly the project may fail and if the project involves main current then the damage may be Great.

    Hope you get my point.

    Thanks & Regards
    Francis

  103. Dear Gill,

    the last circuit shown in the following article shows an inverter with auto-load control feature, however it will work only if the entire design is built as per the diagram:

    https://homemade-circuits.com/2013/01/300-watts-pwm-controlled-pure-sine-wave.html

  104. Dear Mr Swagatam, i am an electronics hobbyist and followed your work on this site for some time now. I have learned many things from it and i like to thank you for that. For my next project i like to make an inverter with parts salvaged from obsolete ups's. I have a 2kva transformer, a print board with 16 mosfets PN80NE0 full bridge driven by 2 ic's IR2110. Do you have a circuit with load dependent correction for me that i can use?

    Thanks in advance
    Best regards,
    Gill

  106. Hello Swagatam!

    My name is Felipe (not anonymous as the title says) and I want to congratulate you for your awesome blog. I came across by your inverter circuit but there are tons of other interesting stuff to build.

    Keep that good work, I'm definitely subscribed. Greetings from Colombia!

  107. i have tda2030 2.1 system
    12v power 10w 8 ohm woofer freq responce 20Hz to 200Hz
    i want to add some bass-boost like
    200Hz = +7.3dB; 100Hz = +12dB; 50Hz = +16.4dB; 30Hz = +13.3dB

    10W Audio Amplifier With Bass-Boost with NE5532 is avalble on net
    but i can not made it so i need help
    how i make bass boost with tda2030 circuit

  108. helow sirr ……I hav got a project on single phase transformer……if u don't mind den can u plz say me abt its construction n components to required to build a one phase transformer……my gmail is pawan.singh2069@ gmail.com

  110. hello sir iam basha your projects most sinceyarli warking
    your 2 to 5 kms fm transmitar project i like it sir so you made this project my adress send me sir this project money i paying sir
    please made and send me sir thanq

  111. HAI IAM BASHA YOUR MADE LONG RANGE FM TRANSMITAR I LIKE IT SO IWANT IT HOW THE PRICE OF THIS CIRCUIT MADE PLEES TELL ME SIR IAM ORDER THIS PROJECT MY NATIVE PLACE IN ANDRAPRADESH GUNTUR JILLA

  112. Hi Tapas,

    Thanks very much!

    I am afraid you will have to buy a readymade SMPS for driving them because making one at home could be extremely complex.

    With a 12V/3amp smps you can use the last configuration as shown in this post:

    https://homemade-circuits.com/2013/06/universal-high-watt-led-current-limiter.html

  113. Dear Mr. Swagatam,

    You are putting in a tremendous effort.Thank you for your constant endeavour. You once mentioned about a 12V/1A smps circuit(using VIPer 22A).I want to run a string of LEDs (1-2W) for illumination purpose from AC mains.Should I add any of your suitable PWM circuit to the output of your smps circuit? Can you give some circuit for cheap,reliable 12V/3A smps in details as you have given for 12v/1A?It will be great help to me.Thank you in advance.

    Tapas Deb.

  115. Sir,
    As for a project purpose I want to model a non-linear residential load like PC, CFL, Fridge etc as a harmonic current source in parallel with the fundamental impedance in the MATLAB/simulink

    please help me with the simulations
    thank you

  116. SOLAR INTELLIGENCE CHARGE CONTOLER
    sir, i need a circuit for SPECIAL FEATURE to up grade ny conventional ups in to solar ups, with first priority given to solar, the charger has the INTELLIGENCE to connect& disconnect the AC mains to the ups depending up on the battery voltage level to ensure using solar as primery power& main only for the emergency

    max solar open circuit volt 50
    max solar panel capacity 60am
    sytem volt 12v
    battery full volt 14.5
    battery voltage main disconnect 14.5
    battery voltage main reconnect 11.5
    solar nite off , mains on NO MAINS disconnect
    LED indication 1. solar charging
    2. load on solar
    3. main on
    Capture.PNG Capture.PNG

  117. Hi Swagatam,
    Very interesting and informative site for those of us who like to experiment with electronic projects. It is actually by sheer chance that I found your site as I was searching for a laser pointer alarm circuit.
    I have been searching the internet for sometime hoping to find a circuit which can be used to monitor the position of a dog on a large piece of rural farm land as the dog approaches the fence. Is it possible to setup a transmitter – receiver arrangement with a range of 500 metres, maybe using the fence as an aerial and two identical receivers, one attached to a dogs collar and the other in the house. the receiver on the dogs collar to provide a vibration or similar effect(Not shocking). The receiver in the house to provide an audible sound to let us know when the dog has crossed over or has intentions of crossing the fence into a neighbours yard to tackle the cows.
    Do you have or know of any circuits which could possibly work?
    Should you want to contact me please use aubunnz@yahoo.com.
    Your assistance or/and any feedback would be appreciated.
    Kind Regards
    Ken

  118. sir
    i have a solar panel of 12 v (5 w) dc …
    can you please tell me,what can i do with it?
    please tell me about its usage in lights or inverter charging…
    thanks in advance

  121. Dear Sir,
    I use a 12 Volt battery at 1200 mAmp and I use it on a RC quad copter, from it I get about 7 min flight time.
    What I like to do is use 3 batteries at the same time and a circuit that will automatically change to a new battery when the first has reached a low point of about 10 Volts. This way when the first battery is about 10v the circuit will change to the next new battery this way giving me another 7 min of flight and then the same will happen with the 3rd battery. Total flight time of 21min with 3 batteries. Can this be done? Another problem is that there should be a continues flow of power to the quad copter because if the power is cut when the switching is happening between the batteries the copter will stop flying and fall to the ground.
    Thank you for your time on this hope you can help.

    Best regards
    Phillip

  125. Hello Swagatam,

    First thank you for hosting this blog. It is very kind of you to give of your knowledge as you do.

    I am building a circuit that has a 12vDC in and a selection of other voltage and connection types out, such as 5v USB, a rotary switch selector for sending 3, 5, and 12 v DC to binding posts. I have drawn the schematic, but my knowledge of circuit design is VERY limited and I was seeking your guidance. Can visitors submit designs for your review?

    Cheers,

    mark

  126. hii Swagatam can you help me in designing a phase sequence detection relay. The circuit should detect whether the R Y B phase are in sequence or the sequence has been changed. if the sequence gets changed the circuit should activate the relay attached to it

  127. Heloo again
    Thanks for your reply
    Yeah it will be nice
    So for the prescence time
    Can u provide me with an idea that will make the motor run bidirectionally
    Because I have to draw the pcb as soon as possible to make the design and submit it to the college
    Thanks alot
    Appreciatted

  128. Hi Sultan,

    very soon I will be posting a similar circuit idea which would have much better features than in the given link, including bidirectional rotational facility.

  129. Hello Sir,

    Im an avid DIYer. Recently, i was looking to make a DRL(daytime running light) for my car using 1 watt smd LEDs.

    But i couldn't find an appropriate circuit for my need. I want to drive Eight 1watt LEDs from my car battery.

    I would very much appreciate if you could design a simple and rugged circuit to drive 8 x 1watt leds from a 12-14v input.

    Im also planning to add a heat-sink to dissipate any heat generated by the leds.

    Thanks & Regards,
    Senthil

    • Hello Sir,

      I went through the DRL circuit that you have posted. Now i understand that the circuit would produce a LED chasing sequence.

      And i guess there has been a misunderstanding.

      The day time running light im looking to do is constant type, the "running" word means the car's running.

      Please refer to this link
      commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LED_DaytimeRunningLights.jpg

      The 8 high power LED's must be in ON state.

      Please make a circuit for this if possible.

      Thanks
      Senthil

    • Hello Senthil,

      This page is not responding to comments, however I have read your comment which you have posted, I'll do the required corrections in the DRL circuit.

    • hello sir,
      I have a 600VA Sukam Sonik Home UPS(having both ups and inverer mode).I have connected a 95ah tata green tractor battery to it.Battery gets full charged approx in 3 hrs.Battery is 1 month old,but backup is not good.two cfls(8W+14W) run for 2 hrs and then 1 wall fan (65W) it runs for only 3 hrs.
      I have checked with my multimeter that when battery reaches 13V inverter gives the full charge indication.I have also tried the switch behind the ups to switch between the inverter mode and ups mode but the backup remains same(3hrs approx)

      Where could be the problem is it in the inverter or battery?????

  133. Sir,

    My name is raigon jose and i am from kerala

    And i made 1 solar street light with 12 VOLT 100 WATTS panel & 42 ah SMF battery & Lights 1 watt Edisson LED 20 Numbers

    ( 3 V x 4 ) A pair of 4 Led Series ——– 12 v ( 5 Rows) 20 WATTS Total

    I have a problem faced from automatic ldr switching Circuit
    LDR SWITCH CIRCUIT Installed in light Dom
    LDR is installed inside the light cover
    When evening 5 'O Clock the Light will be switch on & morning after 7.30 am will be switch off

    When i searched about this problem i got u r website

    https://homemade-circuits.com/2011/12/super-simple-light-activated-switch.html

    In that circuit when we adjust that preset ,i think it will switch on only after the dark will come to ldr

    Give me one solution for to adjust time of switching on and off lights………………

    PLEASE HELP ME…………………………………………………………………………….

    • Raigon, please see the circuit shown in the following link, use only the IC2 section which is an IC555 circuit, it will respond accurately as per your desired settings, you can connect a relay directly across pin3 and ground for toggling the load

      https://homemade-circuits.com/2012/10/automatic-40-watt-led-solar-street.html

  135. sir,

    1.I want to clarify that +ve of capacitor has to be connected to base of bc547 and -ve of capacitor to ground?

    2.Each bc547 has to be connected with capacitor since there are four in number because there are separate relay(four) circuit for respective relays?

    3.And you have said that if it does not works connect capacitor across anode of zener and positive supply .In connecting capacitor across zener and +ve supply,capacitor's +ve has to be connected to +ve of supply or zener's anode?

  136. Sir,
    Capacitor 220uF/63V can be used in place of 220uF/50V?I cannot get 220uF/50V here because i am living in a town area.If 220uF/63V cannot be used,can u suggest other values?

  138. Hello Sir,
    I have a 1KVA automatic voltage stablizer.It has one defect that when it is switched on, very high voltage is outputted for about 1.5s(therefore cfls and bulb got fused frequently) after that, voltage is ok.I have opened the stablizer it consist of an autotransformer,4 24V relay each relay connected to a seperate circuit(each circuit consisting of 10K preset,BC547,zener diode,BDX53BFP npn darlington pair transistor IC,220uF/63v capacitor,100uF/40V capacitor ,4 diodes and some resistors).These circuits are powered by a stepdown transformer and output of these circuit are taken across corresponding 100uF/40V capacitor and fed to corresponding relay.What to do in order to tackle the problem.please help me.I am sending the hand drawn circuit diagram by seeing the pcb to your mail id homemadecircuits@gmail.com please see it.It may help you.

  139. Hi Swagatam Majumdar,

    I am a frequent visitor on your blog.

    I just want to ask something regarding a Mosquito bat.

    Every time when i buy a bat it wont last much, is there any alternate circuit for the bat, normally the output driver transformer fails. It is not available in the market.

    Appreciate your comments

    • Hi Udayan,

      Thanks!

      I think it's the battery that becomes weak or bad, not the transformer or the circuit, you can probably try replacing the battery and check.

  141. thanks
    do u have a circuit for controlling a motor by ir?

    for the previous
    walkie talkie
    what does AF means??
    is it a component?

  144. Hi, I find your website very useful. Is it ok if you can help with this query:

    Design a circuit to give uninterrupted 5 V dc power supply with 110 V 60 Hz line voltage as input. The dc output should be available in case of power outage (110 V line supply). In case of line failure, the circuit should switch to backup source that should be designed using a solar panel.

    • Hi,

      Please refer to this diagram:

      1.bp.blogspot.com/-I2zlapFq6RM/UML_NxUJy2I/AAAAAAAAB3w/27ZLDjK9C9g/s1600/simple%20modem%20UPS%20circuit.png

      You may replace the battery with a solar panel, and connect a 7805 IC at the junction of D1/D2. the output from the 7805 may be used for the desired application.

    • I am sorry, the above circuit won't be applicable with a solar panel.

      You could do it simply by using a 12V relay with the following arrangement.

      Add a 7812 IC after the solar output so that the solar voltage becomes regulated at 12V.

      apply this 12 volt to a 12 relay coil.

      Connect the pole of the relay to a 7805 IC input pin, connect the N/C to the (+) of a 12V adapter, N/O to the (+) of the 7812.

      Make the all the grounds (negatives) as common terminal.

      The desired output may eb taken across the 7805 output pin and common ground.

  146. Hello swagatham,
    i am lohithashwa from bangalore.I have an spare DC 12v 20amps portable (automobile)air compressor .I desperetly require an transformer with input AC 220v & output 12v,20amps with + – terminals for indoor domestic use .kindly mention the shop address in Bangalore where it is sold .my email: lohith.c.222@gmail.com

  148. Hello sir. built this Over Voltage And Low Voltage Protection Circuits: but the shakes so much for connecting relay as well to disconnect … I solve this problem .. thank you very much.

  149. Hello sir Swagatam. I am a faithful follower of your articles and electronic projects. I have a question, I have a variable power supplies 1.25vcc to 25vcc x 4 amps with a second potentiometer for fine adjustment of tension, but I think it would be better if you could vary the output current with a circuit to vary the current from 100mA to 4 amps … you have to add a circuit.
    Thank you very much.
    ATTE: Ariel.

    • Thank you Ariel,

      You will need to open the power supply and find a suitable point in the circuit for doing the required modifications, it cannot be done through an external circuit.

      Alternatively you can try building an entirely new circuit with its own voltage and current adjustment facilities.

    • ok i understood its a variable resistor so the circuit u can provide will work with the analog joystick as it also has 2 variable resistors in it. I want to control 2 servo DC motors of around 2hp so please suggest some pwm controller for it and wanna use auduino processor if its confortable with you

    • Thanks for the circuit it will be help fill but will it be able to with stand the curent for 2hp DC servo motor and here i need to use to controller with the pots or variable resistor as i needs to control 2 wheels of a bot and want that during turns the speed of one motor should fall sown to 15 percent of the other motor. and till i think with your circuit motor can be controlled in only one direction.

      please go on the below link you might get some reference
      https://homemade-circuits.com/2012/05/make-this-pwm-based-dc-motor-speed.html

    • please help with interfacing the controller with pwm motor driver and a variable resistor with the controller. arduino processor have the analog input on board so we can directly give the inputs to the processor board directly from the variable resistors

    • You can check the following link, the actual design is given at the end of the article:

      https://homemade-circuits.com/2011/12/constant-torque-dc-motor-speed.html

    • In the above circuit you will have to connect a variable voltage input to pin#11 of the IC….at 0 volt the motor speed will be minimum and it will go on increasing as the voltage is increased…upto 12V max.

      sorry, I am not sure how to integrate it with an aruino processor.

    • i need to continuously vary the speed in both directions so if it will be very helpful if i can eliminate the use of bidirectional switch and control the speed in direction using a pot. using the middle of the pot as the 0 position . Also motors i want to use are 72 volt 2hp c motors so what type of switches are required to be used

    • I am sure there's some easy way of implementing this but cannot presently figure out….I'll try to find a suitable solution, if it's feasible will contact you back.

  151. hello sir i want to make a 24v 30A pwm motor controller.pls.pls.pls help sir………….

    • You may try the following circuit:

      https://homemade-circuits.com/2012/05/make-this-pwm-based-dc-motor-speed.html

      The IC supply should be around 12V and the motor supply may be up to any desired value

  152. Hi from Canada !! My name is Mike . thank you for your work . would it be possible for you , if you have time ! to make me a design for a 1000 watts electronic ballast for metal halide lamp ? a variable one would be even better . I have 120 volts here,
    Something simple to build if possible
    thank you very much and Happy New Year
    Mike

    • Hi Mike! Thanks!

      A 1000 watt ballast will be difficult for me to design, I tried to find it on the net but I couldn't find any.

      By the way you can go for LEDs instead of the proposed type of lamp for better efficiency and light.

      And a Happy New year to you, too!

      Regards.

    • THANKS FOR YOURE REPLY ..
      i COULD OPT FOR LED,S ..IF YOU HAVE A DIAGRAM AND PARTS NEEDED I COULD TRY IT OUT …THANKS AGAIN
      MIKE

  153. Hello,

    Just found your site, very cool.
    Perhaps you may be able to assist my son and I with the construction of a circuit for his science fair project.

    He is 13 and attempting to confirm the charge/mass ratio of the electron by reproducing the JJ Thompson experiment. His strong suit is in theoretics and mathematics and not so much the engineering.

    We are using COTS products for the cathode ray tube and power supply but need to construct a variable strength electromagnet to demonstrate and cause deflection fo the electron beam. Our goal is an electromagnet which we can vary in strength and measure, perhaps by measuring the strength of the power source with and ammeter.

    If you have any suggestions for a circuit diagram, we would be most appreciative and any guidance will of course be appropriately sited in his references.

    Cheers and Happy New Year,

    mark and alex

    • Thanks Mark,

      I have already published one related circuit in this site which illustrates the process of controlling the strength of an electromagnet, I think this is what you might be looking for, please check it here:

      https://homemade-circuits.com/2012/05/making-adjustable-electromagnet-circuit.html

      Happy new year to you and the little scientist, and all the best for the project.

      Regards.

  154. Hello sir you have a circuit tester CCFL lamps used in LCD … Thank you very much.
    ATTE: Amir.

    • Dear Amarendra,

      I really don't have a 850VA inverter circuit presently so I won't be able to help you in this regard, I am very sorry.

      Regards.

  156. Sir,
    There are three BC547 transistors, each emitter is already connected with 100uF/40V capacitor and ground.Output is taken along each capacitor and fed to corresponding three 24V relays respectively.
    What to do?replacing 100uF/40V capacitor with 1000uF/25V will solve the problem???

    • The capacitor needs to be connected across the base and ground of the transistors. Do it for all the three transistors, a 220uF/25V would do for trying purpose, don't use 1000uF/25V.

  157. Hello Sir,
    I own a 1KVA automatic voltage stablizer,it has problem that when power comes there is sudden rise in voltage for very short instant(Due to which my 2 cfls& 2 bulbs got fused) after that its voltage stablizes.Since it is in guarantee period ,I have taken it to the place from where i have byed it,he checked it by varying the input voltage,stablizer worked fine.I think a delay in the output will solve the problem.Can you please suggest a circuit which could be connected externally so that guarantee is also continues and problem is also solved.

    • Hello Nishant,

      You can try the followng modification:

      Open the stabilizer and look for the transistor which controls the output load relay.

      If the transistor is an NPN, connect a 1000uF/25V capacitor across its base and ground or emitter, if the transistor is a PNP then connect the capacitor across its base and positive.

  158. Hi Swagatam

    I am Great fan of you, I like to go through your blogs and also the comments.

    So finally I got inspired and start to work on very simple requirement of mine.

    I have idea and tried to put in format of circuit.

    So can you basically help me to understand will it practically work or are there any other component required like capacitor or else to make sure relay wont go in loop.

    Below is my requirement and the circuit

    1> Manual start of the motor by Push button,
    2> It will also provide the supply to Step-down X’mer and Motor
    3> O/p of the Xmer will activate the SS relay and state will be on hold.
    4> Once the water level reaches , sensor switch will be open
    5> This will disconnect the input to the SS Relay .
    6> And hence the supply to the X,mer will also get disconnected Stopping the Motor.

    Uploading the circuit diagram is not
    possible here so I have sent it via email.

    Thanks and Regards

    Atul

    • Hi Atul,

      Thank you very much! You are most welcome.

      Your idea is very nice…….I am trying to understand your diagram… since symbols are not used for the various components tracing the voltage paths is getting a bit difficult.

      However it looks definitely feasible…..we have to keep the float switch connection away from the mains, that is important.

      I'll try to figure it out and inform you soon here.

      Actually I have already used this concept in the below given article, in a different way, though.

      https://homemade-circuits.com/2012/04/cheap-semi-automatic-tank-water-over.html

      Best Regards.

  159. Dear Sir,
    My name is Amarendra I want to learn circuit degain. Can u provide online training to me pls tell me how mch fee cost and how u can gime training cont me 8886240240.

  160. Hi Swagatam,

    I always find your bolg very interesting.

    I want to know if this would be possible

    I have a cabinet in with I put a magnetic switch with normally closed and normally open contacts. (today, I only use one of them)

    Today, when you open the door, the light that is on top turns on

    I would change the circuit so that:

    1. Open the door once so the circuit is ON, after a given time, the light turns off (although the door hasn't been closed and is opened). If I ever want to turn on the light, I have to close the door and reopen it.

    2. add a LDR to turn on the light ONLY if there isn't sunlight in the room. With LDR in series with the load is enough?

    The system is 12V. Should I use the famous 555? (all I've seen is with tiggers (push buttons), which is not my case)

    Thank you.

  161. hello Sir,
    This is Nishant from a small town near Ayodhya.I hve completed my electronics engg in 2011 and currently preparing at home.Since towns in Up has very frequent power cut therefore almost every house has 12v 30AH or 35AH locally manufactured lead acid car battery.(Battery capacity not written on battery but by seeing the size of exide maxx 30ah and 35ah matches with local battery).
    So as to utilize the energy efficiently instead of cfl I planned to use led.I had some 5mm white dome type ultra bright led.I connected 3 of them in parallel, and 470ohms 1/4W limiting resistor with every led.When i connected to battery(12v),led lighted but the resistors got heated up.Will more wattage resistor will solve the problem.According to my calculation R=(12-3.3)/20m =435ohms but i could get nearest value as 470ohms. P={(20m)^2}*470 =0.174W.But When i measured the current across the circuit multimeter reading was 0.5A.Please tell me what is wrong?..

    • Hello Nishant,

      Increasing the wattage of the resistors should solve the problem.

      However with 12V as the source you should connect three of them in series with a 150 Ohms resistor, instead of connecting in parallel.

      Even though 470 Ohms with each led is absolutely correct, connecting in series would produce better results.

      For reading current connect the meter in series with the supply.

  162. hi sir,

    your circuits are impressed.. we have two cfl lamps of each 18W. i need to connect these two lamp with one choke of 40W. i tried both series and parallel. but only one light is glowing. other one just take off and shut down.. what will be the solution ?. is that possible to glow two cfl in single choke.

    • I think there's no solution for this problem, because different tubes may have slightly different firing timings so cannot be lit together through one choke………..you can try electronic choke, might work…

    • thanks for your time sir, actually we used electronic choke only.. both the tubes are same. choke has 4 wires and cfl lamp also 4 wires.. finally it glows like half voltage. is there any problem in distribution.

    • I am not sure about this, may be you can try putting the tubes in series with an electronic choke…..but you may have to modify the ballast choke winding someway for that…..still just assuming.

  163. Dear Swagatam,

    Solar Panel/AC Mains, Relay Changeover Circuit in this circuit you use relay it will work only 10A but if it is 30A we have to use mosfet circuit if you have can you send me the circuit.

    Thanks & Regards,
    Amarendra
    8886240240
    amarendra2307@gmail.com

    • Dear Amarendra,

      30 amp, 50 amp relays are also available which can be used, relays provide two way changeovers, mosfets can't provide two way changeovers.

      Regards.

  164. Dear Sir,

    I want to check current wave i dont have CRO. it cost is very high to buy it. i have computer in computer. what software i can use and check it please let me know.

    Thanks & Regards,
    Amarendra
    Hyderabad
    8886240240
    amarendra2307@gmail.com

    • Dear Amarendra,

      Download Goldwave (free version), there you can test and analyse waveforms….but you will have to convert the voltage to less than 1Vpp before applying.

  165. Hello John,

    Though I haven't tested it practically, you may try this circuit:

    https://www.homemade-circuits.com/how-to-make-500-va-pwm-controlled/

    • can you please change the scheme for 150W maximum wanna be fewer transistors bdy29 ?(for low costs and to be good for laptops).

      Thank you very much.
      John,Romania.

  166. Hello Swagatam,
    Which of circuits for inverters you proposed is recommended for laptops(i need a circuit diagram with minimum 200W )?
    Please tell me the link.

    Thank you very much!
    John, Romania.

  167. Hi Swagatam,
    I have some questions for the circuit diagram from: https://homemade-circuits.com/2012/02/how-to-make-150-watt-modified-sine-wave.html
    1). it says that it uses a baterry 12V, 30AH. But i have a baterry 12v, 61AH.
    is good for this circuit?
    2).TRANSFORMER = 12-0-12V, 20 AMP. I can use one of 12v-0-12v 10AMP?
    3). R12 is a rheostat to change frequency (for europe,romania is 50Hz)?

    If you can answer the subsections would be great.
    Thank you very much.

    John, Romania.

    • Hello John,

      Yes you may go ahead with the available components, they will work.

      R12 is a potentiometer for adjusting the RMS of the output with standard mains AC RMS value.

      The frequency of the circuit has been fixed to 50 Hz.

      Regards.

  169. hi swagatam
    this srinu toram
    i had a problem with my microtech ups all mosfet are bunrt. i found one of side mosfet numbers STP60NF10 and another side STP80NF55 ON pcb board both mosfet are equal or not ? each section had 8nos mosfets suggest me please
    thanks & regards

  170. Dear Swagatam

    The circuit for charger high current 10 to 20 amp which you mentioned in circuit diagram. I want this circuit automatic instead of pressing switch on. Is it possible to provide me information for automatic circuit instead of switch.

    • Dear Risetofly,

      You can refer the last circuit in the following article:

      https://homemade-circuits.com/2012/07/making-simple-smart-automatic-battery.html

  171. Dear Swagatam, Could you please provide Hybrid charger for Inverters which can be easily incorporated to the existing inverters. (For eg. 800VA/12V-150AH battery). I searched your blog and found some very useful circuits in the same category..but it was for 6V and low power applications. The main concern is, during power failure in the day time, we must be in the position to charge the inverter battery using Solar panels and also utilizing the battery for AC loads(inverter mode). When the panel output goes low, we could switch to mains to charge the battery. This would be helpful for peoples from tamil nadu, especially. We have 16 hours of power cut everyday, FYI. Thanks in advance.

    • Dear pnitiga,

      I have already designed one high current battery charger circuit, you can see it here:

      https://homemade-circuits.com/2011/12/high-current-10-to-20-amp-automatic.html

      Your second requirement has been covered in the below given link, though it's not exact, can be easily customized:

      https://homemade-circuits.com/2012/10/solar-panelac-mains-relay-changeover.html

  172. sir ,i have design problem, can we use the same transformer for charging as well as interesting purpose,ie when the mains is available the battery will charge through the transformer, and if it fails the circuit work as an inverter uses the same transformer that give back the supply to the mains (or to other one ). inverter and charging circuits are individually available but uses separate transformers for charging and inverting purpose so plz help me to design such an inverter..

  173. Hi Swagatam,

    I'm interested in designing a circuit for a lithium-ion battery so that it can be used as an emergency power source for my cell phone. I'd like to be able to charge the lithium-ion battery using a 5VDC supply and then use the charged battery to supply 5VDC to my cell phone so that I can re-charge the cell battery. The difficulty for me is figuring out how to keep this circuit as small and efficient as possible. Could you help me with this?

    Thanks,
    Steve

    • Hi Steve,

      I think using Ni-Cd Cells would be better instead of Li-Ion because they are easier to manage.

      Put three 1.2V Ni-Cd AAA cells in series and your cell phone charger pack is ready.

      Charge the Ni-Cd pack at home using a good 4.5V Ni-Cd charger, and you are all set to take it outdoors with you, whenever your cell phone gets flat, connect the pack with the cell phone for a quick and smart refill.

      I would be addressing this as a new article in my blog very soon….

      Regards.

  175. Hi sir , thanks for all your explanation , i am from Palestine gaza , i want to ask can you explain how i can build A stabilizer with 4 relay system 1kva ?

  176. sir,please tell me an easy way to make a laboratory incubator which contain an air fiter and a co2 supply for pH alo.so please provide me the
    circuit and a cheapest way to make it.its necessary…….

    • Hi Vinay,

      I have no idea how to make the respective gas filters, but still I would research the matter and post the circuit it its feasible.

  177. hey swagatam,
    I recently built a magnetic coil (like a shakelight) which had voltage input (1.14volts) integrated into the coil, and also because my coil produces alternating negative and positive signal, I used an old cell phone charger to redirect the alternating signal both back into the coil, and into another lead-acid cell (a completely depleted 9v) and if I activated a sequence through the coil for a while, then for several hours afterward without any activation I will still be increasing voltage into the receptor cell. This continued this way for nearly a day, eventually producing over a full volt of charge into the cell.
    Now it does not work, and because I still get negative and positive signal when I activate the coil, that there is a component in the modified "rectifier," if you will, that has failed. I wish I could find which component has failed, and create an identical circuit with a component (or a series of components) which would not fail, and would still continue to generate power on its own. I saw this one other time happen also but disbelief caused me to move on to other projects… now I want to make this work.
    I really like the way you respond to your readers. This is one of the best blogs I have seen in terms of electrical circuits.
    You are a brilliant engineer and very helpful to people.
    warm regards,
    jess

    • Hey Jess,

      There are a few confusions. Why is the 1.14V input is required? And a cell phone charger will not respond to anything lower than 85V, so how is it helping the cause, moreover after switching off the mechanism the battery keeps charging, this also looks quite unbelievable.

      Anyway for rectifying the generating AC you can incorporate a simple bridge/capacitor network using four diodes(1N4007) and a 1000uF/25V capacitor.

      Making a bridge rectifier has been explained in the following article:

      https://homemade-circuits.com/2012/01/how-to-understand-diodes-and-build.html

      The capacitor may be connected across the positive and the negative of the bridge.

      Thanks very much Jess….I truly appreciate your response!

      Best Regards.

  178. Title:
    I want Automatic phase changer (RY RB YB) phase to phase if voltage low in each phase

    Description:
    In my home each phase having 220V and having 3phase (RYB).
    We have low voltage 80V to 110V in each phase.
    I decided to make Automatic phase changer phase to phase.
    Like if R has low voltage then Y and B phase should work without neutral or
    if Y has low voltage then R and B phase should work. or
    if B has low voltage then R and Y should work.

    This project is for personal use and there is not crime only safety i want.

    1. Electricity is free for tribal area because of backward area. Having no luxury facilities.
    2. In each phase has low voltage like R=80V, Y=100V, B=110V.
    3. I want to use Voltage 240V (Phase-Phase) as i don't use neutraland load is 35A maximum each phase.
    4. I use three sockets for three phases. When i get current low in one phase and i use another two phases for load chaning manually.
    5. when any phase became low then we take out cable and put in each phase (R and Y) or (R and B) or (Y and B). like in R= phase cable and Y= Neutral cable from stablizer to ouput for load. See below in diagram.
    6. We have special sockets of 60A. Always changing cable 35mm is risky because if phase voltage become low then we usually change phase to other phase and cable naked tip may possible to touch with any person if there is no saftey.
    7. I want to stablize voltage upto 250V from phase to phase like R=110V and Y=100V became 200V around up and down.
    9. I'm using equipment like fridge=220V, Washing Machine, Motor pump, A/Cs etc lightings.
    10. I don't want to damage all equipment and human loss.
    11. At 100% load there will be not more than 35-40A in each phase.
    12. my house 20yard x20yard so source within 5 meter from house. we dont have meter ok.
    13. Intentionally electricity company makes vary and reduce voltage from 220v to 80V in each phase because electrcity free.

    • I don't have much knowledge about three phase connections, however I'll try to figure out the whole thing, If I succeed in developing the required circuit, will inform you immediately with the update.

  180. hello swagatam
    i'm michael from indonesia, i want full wave shunt regulator for small motorcycle, i hope u will help me
    ty…GBU
    from me michael(michaelhappyg@yahoo.co.id)

  181. hi sir, can u help me design a power supply to operate 3W White leds from mains. i want it to be compact(ie without bulky transformer) , i was thinking of capacitor power supply but the current required for 3W LED is much higher than its capacity.
    so can u please help me out
    thank you

    • Hi Navneeth,

      You can try the circuit given in the following link:

      https://homemade-circuits.com/2012/09/surge-protected-cheap-transformerless-3.html

    • i tried and it does not deliver enough current to get the max effficiency and brightness for a 3W LED. what abt a circuit with smps topology. i tries googling but cudnt find a suitable circuit. can u please help me design one.

    • Making an smps at home won't be easy for you, it would be better to buy a small 12/500mA smps power supply and then use it to drive the led with a series 10 Ohm resistor.

      You may also try a mobile charger, use it with a 3 Ohm series resistor.

    • many thanks for ur quick reply.:)
      doesnt the 3W LED require abt 700mA ryt. so wont it be a over kill?
      i have another doubt regarding the design of a LED lamp which will work on mains as well as battery.i want to use nicd battery(6V battery packs).the transformer is 8-0-8 1.5A. so while charging the battery wont the volatge drop to level of battery and wont that affect the working of lamp.
      i intend to use the leds in series in ac connection and in parallel in battery mode.(already designed switch connection for that).

    • Yes you are correct, in fact a 3 watt LED would consume above 1 amp.

      If the AC/DC supply is bifurcated into two streams, one for charging the battery and another for driving the LED, the problem would be eliminated. This may be done using a couple of 1N5402 diodes.

    • I think using two diodes also won't help, the voltage will drop anyway while charging the battery.

      There would be a slight difference only in the illumination of the LEDs, so probably that shouldn't make much of a difference.

      There's no way to overcome this issue.

    • No, that won't help either unless you use completely separate transformers, two of them, one for the LEDs and the other for charging the battery.

    • It would be better to add a overcharge cut off circuit, you may build the second circuit shown in the following link:

      https://homemade-circuits.com/2011/12/how-to-make-simple-low-battery-voltage.html

      Interchange the pin#2 and pin#3 so that it works as an overcharge cut off instead of low voltage cut off.

  182. hi,I am from Ayodhya UP fresher electronics engineer,i always read ur every article published on this blog,it helps me to buildup my practical knowledge.i have a question.hope u will help me.
    i have microtek PC ups,before in Summers approx 1 months before my area had low voltage problem(as well as voltage fluctuation problem) due to which my ups could not start it always switches to BACKUP mode so I buyed an automatic voltage stablizer(1KVA) now there is no low voltage problem then also ups works some time fine but some time it has same problem of switching to backup mode inspite of good voltage(220-250V) input.

    • I think there may be a loose contact problem. Check all the plug connections of the UPS properly…or the problem might be somewhere inside the UPS with the involved connectors..

  183. hello swagatam
    how are you sir my name is Rafael I'm so happy to finally find a site like yours
    first of all let me say thank you for all you good work and for you time

    i have this particular case and i hope you can help me
    I'm trying to power led on my motorcycle wheels and i have try many things some of them have last for like three months but i haven't find a permanent one
    and i was wonder if you have any suggestion on how to power the led to stay on even when the bike is in motion
    i have been reading about wireless power to transfer power from one coil to other coil but don't know how to wire it or what components to use to make my own and i don't know if it will me safe for the electric system of the bike
    thanks in advance for any help you can give me

    • Hello Rafael,

      Welcome to my blog!!

      Your requirement is very interesting but difficult.
      If anybody becomes successful in designing an effective and efficient way of transferring power without wires even across a distance of around a couple of feet….. the person would become rich.

      I have never tried this type of project but it's too intriguing, and I'll surely like to have a go at it.

      If I succeed will reply you immediately with the updates.

      Regards.

  184. hi,sir i am Ravi from India.i am using a SMPS inverter circuit.using a ferrite core transformer with the ratio of 1:30 turns.to make 310 volt dc.i placed all the components as per design.the voltage on 1rfz44 gate is approx.6volt _ve dc.but on ac,it is more than 20 volts.i am using sg 3525 as a pulse driver,pin 6 is grounded through 3.3k,pin 5+7 grounded through 4.7nf,9 grounded through 68nf,8 with 100 nf grounded.i connect the circuit with the transformer but it didnt show any result.will you help me to build this project.i think the problem is in the transformer,but not sure how is it.please help.thanks

    • Hi Ravipal,

      Making the transformer correctly is the most difficult part, especially when you don't have an example working unit.

      I won't be able to help you with this project, because I have no idea regarding designing of transformers:(

  185. hi Swagatam…..
    i wanted to make a led lighting for my 4x2ft aquarium. i need at least 400 strawhat led circuit each of 5mm. can you please design the circuit….
    Thanks

  186. Hi Mr Swagatam

    Really feel good and like too much your blog .I need your help .I need a timer ckt which on for 5 or 10second and then off for 5 second and again repeat on for 5 or 10second and so on or 3 times repeat this and then remain off until power cut off.

    Thanks

    • Hi Nasir,

      Thanks!

      You can make it by using a 4093 IC as shown in the following article:

      https://homemade-circuits.com/2012/04/make-this-astable-multivibrator-blinker.html

    • Thanks for your prompt response.The out put for 4093 can drive the transistor with relay ? Also i have checked your all ckt but i could not found Auto Power ON Main failure circuit for Generator.Can you guide or help regarding this circuit….

      Thanks

    • Yes the output of 4093 can easily support a relay driver stage.

      auto power on generator?? it can be very simply done using a single relay.

    • Yes But need to start and stop the generator also need to use magnetic contactor for Line power and generator power for auto switching from one to another .Still there is no complete schematic like this not available so you have better idea regarding this if you make,Its my request to you please.
      I have seen using PIC controller but that is not possible for the person who don't know about embedded programming so just need simple using timers and relays and magnetic contactor.Please consider it .

      Thanks

    • Its just like,when line power or city power turned off then generator should start automatically and give power through magnetic contactor ,after that when power come again the generator should stop automatically.
      There is Timer ckt to start the generator and contactor for supply power.one contactor for Line or city power.Interlocking between these two contactor.After generator should stop.

  187. Hi, Swagatam, i've been doing electronics as hobby for 3 year now and i just discovered your website, i'm really exited about all the shematics i find on it! thank you for you great work of sharing. Regards

    Christophe

  188. Dear Sir,

    I am Melro from Sri Lanka,

    These days I am searching for circuit to light 6” inch Tube light. While go through the internet I found your blog. Your blog is marvelous, lot of details were there. My target is to build aquarium light for my aquarium. I found the 6” florescent UV light from the market, my purpose is put 6 lights in my aquarium. Could you please tell me the way to build the circuit for it. (My mail is melromendis@gmail.com)

    Thank You
    Melro

  189. Hi Swagatam,

    Thanks for your blog, and it is interesting. I am very much interested in high quality audio and video. I want to connect my TV to my home theater but the problem is my TV has a Optical Toslink O/p and HT has Coaxial I/p. I have tried buiding for a toslink to coaxial converter but I am not able to find the Toslink Reciever IC which is TORX 17X. No dealer in pune knows about this. Do you have any alternative for this?

    Thanks in Advance,

    Amit

  190. Mr Swagat Majumdar this is Kurush Karanjia from Vadodara Gujarat. I just has a telephonic talk with you and you requested to write on you r blog so i m writing my requirements here. I have certain solar panels and interested in designing solar power conditioning unit(PCU) to connect to the system. I am an electrical engineer so all i could design was a blog diagram but not the details as i don't have much experience in electronics. I m attaching my requirements of the PCU along with the blog diagram please help in any way you can.

    the details of the type of grid tie solar PCU i require

    1. Mppt Charge controller.
    2. Reverse current Protection.
    3. Islanding protection.
    4. Pl=load power, Ps=solar panel generated power, Pb= Battery output power.
    if Ps>Pl load should run on solar and left over should charge battery.
    if Pl>Ps but less then inverter capacity the load should b supplied by
    Ps+Pb.
    if Pl>Ps,Pb and greater then inverter capacity and solar available then load
    should be supplied from main and solar through inverter synchronously, if
    solar not available then through battery and mains synchronously
    if solar and battery both not available then load should be supplied
    directly by mains.
    5. charging of batteries through mains should be made optional to consumer
    via manual switch

    Rest all protections that are available in inverter.

    I m not able to connect my blog diagram here so if u permit i will send u that in mail

    • Hello Kurush,

      I have understood you question, I'll try to design the required circuit for you soon. But kindly note that this idea will become public as you would get it in the form of a published article in this blog.

      Regards,.

    • Thanks a lot for your help and i don't mind if you post it on the blog. We would me more happy if more people use this circuit as it will help to harness more electricity form the solar panel and and cause less wastage. I will be waiting form your reply and i have made a blog diagram so if for reference you want it i can mail it and if help or in formation is required feel free to contact me on my id kkaranjia@gmail.com or on my Mobile No: 09924525574

    • Hi Kurush,

      OK that's great thanks!

      Actually presently I am a little busy with a few external assignments so I wouldn't able to post it very soon, but I'll try to do it within a week or so.

      I think I have already published all your requirements in this blog in parts though and with alternative titles.

      Anyway, you can send the block diagram to hitman2008@live.in I'll check it.

      Thanks and Regards.

    • i forgot to write one requirement that the inverter should be transformerless and the DC voltage level of system should be 12v,24v or 48v if possible

    • can we not use DC converter to change the voltage level before the inverter circuit instead of transformer in after inverter circuit and can the inverter be DSP based ?

    • If a DC voltage converter circuit becomes available which would be able to convert 12V DC to 220V DC, then probably we can go ahead with transformerless inverter circuit….

    • If the IC number is not clear we cannot guess on what principle the circuit is functioning.

      Actually I have already published the concept in one of my articles given below, but unless it's confirmed it cannot be much useful:

      https://homemade-circuits.com/2012/09/making-200-watt-compact-pwm-inverter.html

    • ok no problem, i will figure out something for it but can u just make the rest of the circuit with normal inverter and post as soon as possible

    • hii swagatam sorry to disturb you again but is there any progress with the design. The design is required on bit urgent basis so if u can post it bit faster i will be very thank full

    • Hi Kurush,

      I'm feeling it difficult to design the circuit as per your block diagram.

      I can provide the circuits in separate parts, you will have integrate them together, if that's OK you can name the sections and I will provide them to you.

      Regards.

    • its ok please send them in parts i will try and integrate them and if i will require any help i will ask you again. And what problems do you have please tell them if possible i will solve them if possible. And even if the final circuit is not as per the bock diagram yet full fills the requirements then its ok.

    • Hi Kurush, I've tried to design the set up requested by you, kindly view it here:

      https://homemade-circuits.com/2012/10/grid-interactive-solar-power-generation.html

      You will have join all the stages together by combining the linked article diarams.

    • Hello kkaranjia,

      this page has stopped responding to comments so i couldn't publish your recent comment.

      I guess you require a single phasing preventer circuit? I will try to publish it soon.

  191. hi Swagatam,

    I came accross your 'Car Burglar Alarm System' blog while searching for a way to trigger a mobile phone-call if a prowler interferes with an electrified chain-link fence. Ideally I'm hoping to find something that a layman can follow and put together, though I suspect this is going to require an off-the-shelf (latch?) system to detect the necessary voltage changes.

    Normally I'm pretty good at finding stuff on Google (that's how I know about the 'latch' thing!), but I just don't have any more relevant terminology – do you have any suggestions or leads for me?

    Kudos for publishing your expertise! Tim

    • Hi Tim,

      Thank you very much!

      Making the trigger circuit won't be difficult, but integrating it with a cell phone such that the cell phone starts calling a specified number can be difficult to make, especially for a layman.

      The idea will need opening a cell phone and wiring its call button terminals with the external trigger circuit.

      If feasible I'll surely address one such circuit in my blog soon.

      Many thanks, and welcome to my blog!

  192. Hello sir..

    This is Kanagaraj..

    We have a Electronic choke Tube Light..Its having problem..

    Tube is 36w..

    Input rate is normal 230v AC..

    The problem is the tube does not start fully..At both the ends its only glow very little and in between the tube is like a off state..

    We have checked the tube with other working one..And We found that there is no problem with tube..

    So the problem is with the electronic choke output..

    So please tell me how to check the output value ??

    And on the PCB all components looks good..No burnt components on the PCB board..

    The tube light model is "Asian Lumini T8".

    Please tell me the way to solve the problem..

    Thanking you.

    • Hello Kanagaraj,

      It will be difficult to troubleshoot the problem because there can be many different reasons…by the way did you check the tube in some other good choke? Confirm the tube working by connecting it over a good fixture.

      In most cases the power devices of ballasts are the one which get damaged.

    • Hello Sir..

      Yes sir i have checked the tube in other working choke..Its working well in that one..

      And yes sir..Am also thing the problem is with power device of the ballast..

      Can u tell me your email sir..??

      So i can mail my choke screenshots…Then you can suggest me some option to check the circuit parts..

    • I am afraid that won't help, just by seeing the picture I won't be able to find the fault…there are many complex operations and checking that might be required, so it's difficult..

    • Hi Sir,
      I have TVS heavy duty bike and I want to it convers battery I mean how to fix the battery along with please send me the circuit diagram to my mail id ssinnurs@gmail.com

  193. Thank you sir I understand your point. I will get back to you in few days inshaAllah just to inform if this problem solved or not. and what solution did solve this… thanx again no need to say any complements because all complements are not enough for your efforts. just i want to say keep it up:) .

  194. thank you very much sir for your reply. I am really impressed that you don't ignore new persons with foolish very basic questions.. (you are very generous about sharing your knowledge and tips very few people does that)may God bless you.
    but as I mentioned earlier that in my country Pakistan there is no ground connection in almost every home, so only 2 prong sockets are being used.
    I have tried your suggestion about flipping the plug it didn't help. still get shock from laptop's body bare foot and I am already using 3 prong to 2 prong converter socket because my laptop's power supply's plug has three pins. but still same problem..
    I was wondering that :-

    1) if I use isolation transformer will it help?
    2) your suggestion about flipping plug worked on my refrigerator very well because this fridge had the same shocking problem but it is solved after just flipping plug!.. thank you very much.

    • You are welcome salman, I guess presently you are using an SMPS module for your laptop. As far as I know an smps also consists of an isolation transformer, so it should not produce shocks at all. It simply means that your smps is leaking somewhere or is faulty. You can try replacing it with a new one.

      A transformer type power supply can also be used, but you will have to make a precise one as per your laptops specs, or you may ask your local dealer for the right one if you intend to buy a ready made piece.

      Regards.

  195. Hi Salamn,
    I think you should use a three pin connection, your socket must be equipped with an earthing connection, the "earth" wire from the three pin plug may be just connected with any metal part of your laptop.

    If you want a short-cut way, just invert the present 2pin plug….meaning, remove it, flip itand fix it back in the socket such that the pins positions get interchanged into the socket holes.

    There's cannot be any other option except the above two….

    • to u and yr family.
      Sr i want to glow up 7000 to 8000 leds with 220 v ac and want them just blinking.
      Kindly guide and help me giving a appropriate ckt.

      Thanks and best regards in advance

    • hello friend, I am passionate about electronics and also am one of your admirers around the world. I wonder if you have some scheme of some electronic circuit able to control equipment from a distance, via mobile phone, gps, etc, because we need a device on and off the distance that can be locked. If you already have some mounted, I am interested in buying from you if it is not too high. I appreciate the attention, any questions can explain more detailed via Skype If you possess. thank you

    • hello friend, I am passionate about electronics and also am one of your admirers around the world. I wonder if you have some scheme of some electronic circuit able to control equipment from a distance, via mobile phone, gps, etc, because we need a device on and off the distance that can be locked. If you already have some mounted, I am interested in buying from you if it is not too high. I appreciate the attention, any questions can explain more detailed via Skype If you possess. thank you

    • Hello sir,

      I want to make 3RCA TO 6RCA Female cable and 3RCA TO 3RCA+RJ45 Female cable. Will you please provide me circuit for it. Pls do the needful

      Thanks
      Amandeep