A pistol sound generator circuit presented here can be used as button operated starting sound during racing events or marathons, or simply to deter wild animals and thieves in remote areas. The concept could be also effectively applied in festivals such as Diwali for creating loud artificial bursting cracker sound (noise pollution is bad for […]
How to Calculate and Optimize Modified Sine Waveform
I am sure you might have often wondered how to accomplish the correct way of optimizing and calculating a modified square wave such that it produced almost an identical replication of a sine wave when used in an inverter application. The calculations discussed in this article will help you to learn the technique through which […]
What is beta (β) in BJTs
In this article we will discuss regarding beta (β) and what is hFE in BJT configurations. We will find the similarity between ac and dc betas, and also prove through formulas why the factor beta is so important in BJT circuits. A BJT circuit in the dc bias mode forms a relationship across its collector and […]
How Cathode Ray Oscilloscopes (CRO) Work
In this post we will elaborately discuss the working and the internal construction of a cathode ray oscilloscope. We will also learn how to use a CRO using the various controls and understand the graphical representations of the various input signals on the display screen of the scope. Introduction We know that majority of the […]
Understanding Common Emitter Configuration in BJTs
By far the most commonly used transistor configuration can be seen in Fig. 3.13 below for both pnp and npn transistors. This configuration is known as common-emitter configuration because the emitter is common, or becomes the reference terminal to both the input and output stages (meaning common to both the base and collector terminals). Just […]
Understanding Common Base Configuration in BJTs
In this section we are going to analyze BJT common-base configuration, and learn regarding its driving point characteristics, reverse saturation current, base to emitter voltage and evaluate the parameters through a practical solved example. In the later parts we will also analyze how to configure a common-base amplifier circuit Introduction The symbols and annotations utilized […]