In this post we learn comprehensively regarding how relay works in electronic circuits, how to identify its pinouts of any relay through a meter and connect in circuits. Introduction Whether it’s for flashing a lamp, for switching AC motor or for other similar operations, relays are the best in the business. However young electronic enthusiasts […]
Electronics Tutorial
Understanding PID Controller
The first successful assessment of PID control theory was practically verified in the field of automatic steering systems for ships, way back around the year 1920. After this it was applied in various industrial automatic process controls requiring optimized and accurate manufacturing output specifications. For manufacturing units PID was popularly implemented for achieving precise pneumatic […]
Understanding Pull-Up and Pull-Down Resistors with Diagrams and Formulas
In this post we are going to explore pull-Up resistor and pull-down resistor, why they are commonly used in electronic circuits, what happens to electronic circuits without Pull-Up or Pull-down resistor, and How to calculate Pull-Up and Pull-down resistor values and finally we will see about open collector configuration. By Girish Radhakrishnan How Logic Inputs […]
Digital Buffer – Working, Definition, Truth Table, Double Inversion, Fan-out
In this post we will try to understand what digital buffers are, and we will be taking a look at its definition, symbol, truth table, double inversion using logic “NOT” gate, digital buffer fan out fan in, tri-state buffer, tri state buffer switch equivalent, Active “HIGH” tri-state buffer, Active “HIGH” inverting tri-state buffer, Active “LOW” […]
How Logic Gates Work – Step by Step Guide
In this post we are going to comprehensively understand regarding what logic gates are and its working. We will be taking a look at the basic definition, symbol, truth table, Multi input gates, we will be also constructing transistor based gate equivalents and finally we will take an overview on various relevant CMOS ICs. By […]
What is Constant Current Source – Facts Explained
In this post we try to analyze what is constant current source and how it affects a load, or how it may be used with a load correctly for achieving the most efficient results. The following discussion between me and Mr. Girish will clearly explain what is CC or how constant current operates. How a […]
Learn How Blocking Oscillator Works
A blocking oscillator is one of the simplest form of oscillators which is able to produce self sustaining oscillations through the use of just a few passive and a single active component. The name “blocking” is applied due to fact that the switching of the main device in the form of a BJT is blocked […]
Emitter-Follower Transistor Application Explored
In this post we learn how to use a transistor emitter follower configuration in practical electronic circuits, we study this through a few different example application circuits. An emitter follower is one of the standard transistor configurations which is also referred to as common collector transistor configuration. Let’s try to first understand what’s an emitter […]
SuperCapacitors Working – How it is Different to a Normal Capacitor
In this post we are going to understand what a supercapacitor is, how closely similar or different to an ordinary capacitor, where it is used and we will be doing apples to apples comparison between batteries and supercapacitors to find out which one of them is superior. By Girish Radhakrishnan Let’s understand the basics of […]
Calculating Capacitor Charge/Discharge Time using RC Constant
Capacitor charge and discharge periods is usually calculated through an RC constant called tau, expressed as the product of R and C, where C is the capacitance and R is the resistance parameter that may be in series or parallel with the capacitor C. It may be expressed as shown below: τ = R C […]
Transistor Stray pickup False Triggering Problem
The article explains how to make any BJT or mosfet based circuit free from stray signal pickup and false triggering by simply attaching a filter resistor or a capacitor across their base/emitter or gate/source terminals. The problem was raised by Mr.Henrik. Solving a Circuit Problem I have an issue I don’t understand. please check out […]
How to Make a Zero Crossing Detector
Making a zero crossing detector circuit is actually very easy and it could be effectively applied for protecting sensitive electronic equipment against mains switch ON surges. A zero crossing detector circuit is mainly used for protecting electronic devices from switch ON surges by ensuring that during power switch ON the mains phase always “enters’ the […]
How Electret Microphones Work – Full Tutorial and Diagram
The post explains how electret microphone devices work, through appropriate diagrams and formulas. What’s a Microphone A microphone is a device designed for transforming weak sound vibrations into tiny electrical pulses, which can be then amplified through a power amplifier over a loudspeaker for achieving a louder reproduction of the sound. The most common and […]