In this post we learn how a shunt regulator IC works typically in SMPS circuits. We take the example of the popular TL431 device and try to understand its use in electronic circuits through a few of its application notes.
Electrical Specifications
Technically the device TL431 is called a programmable shunt regulator, in simple terms it may be understood as an adjustable zener diode.
Let's learn more about its specifications and application notes.
The TL431 is attributed with the following main features:
- Output voltage settable or programmable from 2.5V (minimum reference) up to 36 volts.
- Output Impedance low dynamic, around 0.2 Ohm.
- Sink current handling capacity up to maximum 100mA
- Unlike normal zeners, noise generation is negligible.
- Switching response lightning fast.
How the IC TL431 works?
The TL431 is a three pin transistor like (such as BC547) adjustable or programmable voltage regulator.
The output voltage can be dimensioned using just two resistors across the specified pin outs of the device.
The diagram below shows the internal block diagram of the device and also the pin out designations.
The following diagram indicates the pin outs of the actual device. Let's see how this device can be configured into practical circuits.
Circuit Examples using TL431
The circuit below shows how the above device TL431 can be used as a typical shunt regulator.
The above figure shows how with the help of just a couple of resistors the TL431 can be wired up as a shunt regulator for generating outputs between 2.5v to 36v. R1 is a variable resistor which is used for adjusting the output voltage.
The series resistor at the supply positive input can be calculated using Ohm's law:
R = Vi / I = Vi / 0.1
Here Vi is the supply input which must be below 35 V. The 0.1 or 100 mA is the maximum shunting current specification of the IC, and R is the resistor in Ohms.
Calculating Shunt Regulator Resistors
The following formula holds good for acquiring the values of the various components used for fixing the shunt voltage.
Vo = (1 + R1/R2)Vref
In case a 78XX needs to be used in conjunction with the device, the following circuit can be used:
The ground of the TL431 cathode is connected with the ground pin of the 78XX. The output from the 78XX IC is connected with the potential divider network which determines the output voltage.
The parts can be identified through the formula shown in the diagram.
The above configurations are restricted to a max 100 mA current at the output. For getting higher current a transistor buffer may be used, as shown in the following circuit.
In the above diagram most of the parts placement is similar to the first shunt regulator design, except that here the cathode is provided with a resistor to positive and the point also becomes the base trigger of the connected buffer transistor.
The output current will depend on the magnitude of current the transistor is able to sink.
In the above diagram we can see two resistors whose values are not mentioned, one in series with the input supply line, another at the base of the PNP transistor.
The resistor at the input side limits the maximum tolerable current that can be sinked or shunted by the PNP transistor. This can be calculated in the same way as discussed previously for the first TL431 regulator diagram. This resistor protects the transistor from burning due to short circuit at the output.
The resistor at the base of the transistor is simply the base bias resistor for the transistor, and can be calculated using the following formula:
R = (Vi - 0.6)hFE / Load Current
Application Areas of the IC TL431
Although the above configurations can be used in any place where precision voltage setting and references may be required, it's extensively used in SMPS circuits nowadays for generating precise reference voltage for the connected opto coupler, which in turn prompts the input mosfet of the SMPS to regulate the output voltage precisely to the desired levels.
For more info please go to https://www.fairchildsemi.com/ds/TL/TL431A.pdf
Good day Swag, how can I modify this circuit for 12v, 10A output. Thanks.
Hi Adeymei, you can do it by replacing the transistor in the last circuit with a 20 amp transistor
Hi Swag
This is a most useful website – thank you.
I’m wondering how to make a BMS to control charging and discharging a battery made up of LTO cells connected as 5S to give me approximately 12V.
I found something I hope can be easily modified at homemade-circuits.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/5.jpg but this will only top balance and I don’t understand how to select the resistor values to make the cut-off 2.75V.
Thanks for any help and advice you are able to offer
Thanks Tim,
You can use the following set up and adjust the preset accordingly for each module separately:
https://www.homemade-circuits.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/5-1.jpg
how TL431 can be used from 1 volt to higher voltages as ref. pl. help me.
Do you mean from minimum 1V input, Sorry it won’t work with a 1V input supply
Dear Swagatham,
I think Mr.Devdatt is asking about Reference voltage. TLV431 has a low Ref.voltage of 1.25V . (TL431’s reference voltage is 2.5V)
Actualy I came here to ask a doubt.
The circuit (TL431 + 7805) shows R1 & R2 connected between output and ground. But in some circuits, somewhere, I have seen R1 & R2 connected between input and ground.
Is there any difference/advantage between these two type of connections.
Thanks
Dear Anil,
For the 7805 circuit, taking the reference from the output makes more sense because the output is more stabilized than the input. Once the output is set using the preset, there’s virtually no chance for the reference to change, and therefore it’s more reliable to use R1/R2 at the output side.
I copied it from the linked datasheet, it still shows the same data.
yes it makes sense…any voltage drop in series with a 78XX ground pin adds up with the output result.
Can also use 2N3819
where?
can also use 2N3819
Thanks you. Was very helpful.
you are welcome
Great article!
You are welcome!