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9 Useful LDR Circuits Explained

Last Updated on January 2, 2024 by Swagatam 43 Comments

LDR cross section view

In this post I have explained 9 LDR circuit projects that uses LDR light sensor to trigger a load ON/OFF through a relay. These circuits are mostly triggered by the absence or the presence of light on the LDR. The circuits are built using transistors, op amps and LDR along with a switching relay. Let’s […]

Filed Under: Sensors and Detectors Tagged With: Circuits, Explained, LDR, Useful

Triacs – Working and Application Circuits

Last Updated on May 20, 2026 by Swagatam 33 Comments

triac AC

A triac can be compared to a latching relay. It will instantly switch ON and close as soon as it’s triggered, and will remain closed as long as the supply voltage remains above zero volts or the supply polarity is not changed. If the supply is an AC (alternating current), the triac will open during […]

Filed Under: Electronics Theory Tagged With: Application, Circuits, Triacs, Working

Understanding Crystal Oscillator Circuits

Last Updated on September 22, 2026 by Swagatam 12 Comments

colpitts crystal oscillator

Crystal oscillators are electronics devices that produce stable, accurate, and repeated signals that are widely employed in a wide range of electronic applications. Because of their great stability, precision, and low noise, they have become a crucial component in many electronic circuits. In this post, we will look at how crystal oscillators function, as well […]

Filed Under: Oscillator Circuits Tagged With: Circuits, Crystal, Oscillator, Understanding

SCR Applications Circuits

Last Updated on June 23, 2026 by Swagatam 32 Comments

Half wave series static switch.

In this article I have explained many interesting SCR application circuits and also learn the main features and properties of an SCR also called a thyristor device. What’s an SCR or Thyristor SCR is the acronym of Silicon Controlled Rectifier, as the name suggests it’s a kind of diode or a rectifying agent whose conduction […]

Filed Under: Mini Projects Tagged With: Applications, Circuits, SCR

Comparator Circuits using IC 741, IC 311, IC 339

Last Updated on June 23, 2026 by Swagatam 17 Comments

comparator 1

The basic function of a comparator circuit to compare two voltage levels at its input pins and produce an output to show which input voltage has higher potential than the other. In this article we will elaborately learn how to correctly design comparator circuits using popular ICs like IC 741, IC 311 and IC LM339 […]

Filed Under: Mini Projects Tagged With: 311, 339, 741, Circuits, Comparator

Digital-to-Analog (DAC), Analog-to-Digital (ADC) Converter Circuits Explained

Last Updated on May 20, 2026 by Swagatam 4 Comments

ladder formula

A digital-to-analog converter (DAC, D/A, D2A, or D-to-A) is a circuit designed to convert a digital input signal into an analog output signal. The analog-to-digital converter (ADC) works in the opposite way and transforms an analog input signal into a digital output. In this article I will comprehensively discuss how digital to analog, and analog to digital converter circuits work, using diagrams and formulas. In […]

Filed Under: Electronics Theory Tagged With: ADC, Analog, Circuits, Converter, DAC, Digital

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