Zener diodes – named after its inventor Dr. Carl Zener are fundamentally used in electronic circuits for generating precise voltage references. These are devices that are able to create a practically constant voltage across them regardless of variations in circuit and voltage situations. Externally, you may find zener diodes a lot similar to standard diodes […]
Circuits
Voltage Regulator Circuits and Projects
In this article I will comprehensively discuss how to make customized transistorized voltage regulator circuits in fixed modes and also variable modes. All linear power supply circuits which are designed to produce a stabilized, constant voltage and current output fundamentally incorporate transistor and zener diode stages for getting the required regulated outputs. These circuit projects […]
Simple Circuits using IC 7400 NAND Gates
In this article I will elucidate many assorted circuit ideas built using NAND gates from ICs such as IC 7400, IC 7413, IC 4011, and IC 4093 etc. IC 7400, IC 7413 Specifications The I.C.s 7400 and the 7413 are 14 -pin DIL ICs, or “14 pin Dual In Line Integrated Circuits”, where pin 14 […]
5 Best IC 555 Oscillator Circuits Explored
In this post I have explained how to build and optimize 5 useful IC 555 oscillator circuits, whose waveforms can be further enhanced for generating complex sound effects. Overview The basic mode that is normally employed for making IC 555 oscillators is the astable circuit mode. If we look at the astable circuit shown below, […]
Photodiode, Phototransistor – Working and Application Circuits
Photodiodes and phototransistors are semiconductor devices which have their p-n semiconductor junction exposed to light through a transparent cover, so that external light can react and force an electrical conduction through the junction. How Photodiodes Work A photodiode is just like a regular semiconductor diode (example 1N4148) consisting of a p-n junction, but it has […]
Optocoupler Circuits, Working, Characteristics, Interfacing
OPTOCOUPLERS OR OPTOISOLATORS are devices that enable efficient transmission of DC signal and other data across two circuit stages, and also simultaneously maintain an excellent level of electrical isolation between them. Optocouplers become specifically useful where an electrical signal is required to be sent across two circuit stages, but with an extreme degree of electrical […]