Constant current generators (CCGs), as the name suggests, are circuits designed to produce a steady load current regardless of significant fluctuations in load resistance or voltage levels. Basic Constant Current Generator Circuit Illustrated in Figure 1 is a basic example of such a circuit. In this configuration, Q1 operates in the common emitter mode. A […]
Circuits
Accurate Transistor Tester Circuits Explored
In this article we talk about a few simple yet accurate transistor tester circuits which can used to identify whether a transistor is good or bad. Note: Please test *only* BJTs and MOSFETs (enhancement or depletion) with these circuits. Simple Good/Bad Transistor Checker using a Single LED Do you have a lot of strange old transistors […]
3 Laser Beam Controlled Circuits Explored
A compact, battery-powered transmitter emits a LASER beam when the control push button is activated. The beam is frequency-coded to provide a maximum level of reliability in transmission. The receiver can be located at a considerable distance from the transmitter (up to several tens of meters). The light beam, by definition, remains highly focused, and […]
High Efficiency Solar Charger Circuits using Switching Regulators
Solar power or electricity from sun light is so abundant that we can afford to waste it or dissipate it in the form heat. This means that we can use large, high power solar panels to charge batteries with lower power without bothering about how much solar energy is being wasted and how much the […]
LM12 IC Datasheet, Application Circuits
LM12 is a power operational amplifier integrated circuit (IC) developed by National Semiconductor (now owned by Texas Instruments). It is designed for use in high-power audio amplifiers, servo amplifiers, and other high-current applications. Here are the electrical specifications and technical datasheet of the LM12: Electrical Specifications: Technical Specifications: Overall, the LM12 is a high-performance power […]
Temperature Regulator Circuits using IC LM335
There are many cases where it is desirable to actively regulate the operating temperature of an electronic assembly. Sometimes, it is imperative to dissipate the heat generated by the components (this is the case for the majority of microprocessors in our modern PCs). On the contrary, it is necessary to artificially increase the operating temperature […]