Calculating ferrite transformer is a process in which engineers evaluate the various winding specifications, and core dimension of the transformer, using ferrite as the core material. This helps them to create a perfectly optimized transformer for a given application.
The post presents a detailed explanation regarding how to calculate and design customized ferrite core transformers. The content is easy to understand, and can be very handy for engineers engaged in the field of power electronics, and manufacturing SMPS inverters.
Why Ferrite Core is used in High Frequency Converters
You might have often wondered the reason behind using ferrite cores in all modern switch mode power supplies or SMPS converters. Right, it is to achieve higher efficiency and compactness compared to iron core power supplies, but it would be interesting to know how ferrite cores allow us to achieve this high degree of efficiency and compactness?
It is because in iron core transformers, the iron material has much inferior magnetic permeability than ferrite material. In contrast, ferrite cores possess very high magnetic permeability.
Meaning, when subjected to a magnetic field, ferrite material is able to achieve a very high degree of magnetization, better than all other forms of magnetic material.
A higher magnetic permeability means, lower amount of eddy current and lower switching losses. A magnetic material normally has a tendency to generate eddy current in response to a rising magnetic frequency.
As the frequency is increased, eddy current also increases causing heating of the material and increase in coil impedance, which leads to further switching losses.
Ferrite cores, due to to their high magnetic permeability are able to work more efficiently with higher frequencies, due to lower eddy currents and lower switching losses.
Now you may think, why not use lower frequency as that would conversely help to reduce eddy currents? It appears valid, however, lower frequency would also mean increasing the number of turns for the same transformer.
Since higher frequencies allow proportionately lower number of turns, results in transformer being smaller, lighter and cheaper. This is why SMPS uses a high frequency.
Inverter Topology
In switch mode inverters, normally two types of topology exits: push-pull, and Full bridge. The push pull employs a center tap for the primary winding, while the full bridge consists a single winding for both primary and secondary.
Actually, both the topology are push-pull in nature. In both the forms the winding is applied with a continuously switching reverse-forward alternating current by the MOSFETs, oscillating at the specified high frequency, imitating a push-pull action.
The only fundamental difference between the two is, the primary side of the center tap transformer has 2 times more number of turns than the Full bridge transformer.
How to Calculate Ferrite Core Inverter Transformer
Calculating a ferrite core transformer is actually quite simple, if you have all the specified parameters in hand.
For simplicity, we'll try to solve the formula through an example set up, let's say for a 250 watt transformer.
The power source will be a 12 V battery. The frequency for switching the transformer will be 50 kHz, a typical figure in most SMPS inverters. We'll assume the output to be 310 V, which is normally the peak value of a 220V RMS.
Here,the 310 V will be after rectification through a fast recovery bridge rectifier, and LC filters. We select the core as ETD39.
As we all know, when a 12 V battery is used, it's voltage is never constant. At full charge the value is around 13 V, which keeps dropping as the inverter load consumes power, until finally the battery discharges to its lowest limit, which is typically 10.5 V. So for our calculations we will consider 10.5 V as the supply value for Vin(min) .
Primary Turns
The standard formula for calculating the primary number of turns is given below:
N(prim) = Vin(nom) x 108 / 4 x f x Bmax x Ac
Here N(prim) refers to the primary turn numbers. Since we have selected a center tap push pull topology in our example, the result obtained will be one-half of the total number of turns required.
- Vin(nom) = Average Input Voltage. Since our average battery voltage is 12V, let's, take Vin(nom) = 12.
- f = 50 kHz, or 50,000 Hz. It is the preferred switching frequency, as selected by us.
- Bmax = Maximum flux density in Gauss. In this example, we'll assume Bmax to be in the range of 1300G to 2000G. This is the standard value most ferrite based transformer cores. In this example, let’s settle at 1500G. So we have Bmax = 1500. Higher values of Bmax is not recommended as this may result in the transformer reaching saturation point. Conversely, lower values of Bmax may result in the core being underutilized.
- Ac = Effective Cross-Sectional Area in cm2. This information can be collected from the datasheets of the ferrite cores. You may also find Ac being presented as Ae. For the selected core number ETD39, the effective cross-sectional area furnished in the datasheet sheet is 125mm2. That is equal to 1.25cm2. Therefore we have, Ac = 1.25 for ETD39.
The above figures give us the values for all the parameters required for calcuating the primary turns of our SMPS inverter transformer. Therefore, substituting the respective values in the above formula, we get:
N(prim) = Vin(nom) x 108 / 4 x f x Bmax x Ac
N(prim) = 12 x 108 / 4 x 50000 x 1500 x 1.2
N(prim) = 3.2
Since 3.2 is a fractional value and can be difficult to implement practically, we'll round it off to 3 turns. However, before finalizing this value, we have to investigate whether or not the value of Bmax is still compatible and within the acceptable range for this new rounded off value 3.
Because, decreasing the number of turns will cause a proportionate increase in the Bmax, therefore it becomes imperative to check if the increased Bmax is still within acceptable range for our 3 primary turns.
Counter checking Bmax by substituting the following existing values we get:
Vin(nom) = 12, f = 50000, Npri = 3, Ac = 1.25
Bmax = Vin(nom) x 108 / 4 x f x N(prim) x Ac
Bmax = 12 x 108 / 4 x 50000 x 3 x 1.25
Bmax = 1600
As can be seen the new Bmax value for N(pri) = 3 turns looks fine and is well within the acceptable range. This also implies that, if anytime you feel like manipulating the number of N(prim) turns, you must make sure it complies with the corresponding new Bmax value.
Oppositely, it may be possible to first determine the Bmax for a desired number of primary turns and then adjust the number of turns to this value by suitably modifying the other variables in the formula.
Secondary Turns
Now we know how to calculate the primary side of an ferrite SMPS inverter transformer, it's time to look into the other side, that is the secondary of the transformer.
Since the peak value has to be 310 V for the secondary, we would want the value to sustain for the entire battery voltage range starting from 13 V to 10.5 V.
No doubt we will have to employ a feedback system for maintaining a constant output voltage level, for countering low battery voltage or rising load current variations.
But for this there has to be some upper margin or headroom for facilitating this automatic control. A +20 V margin looks good enough, therefore we select the maximum output peak voltage as 310 + 20 = 330 V.
This also means that the transformer must be designed to output 310 V at the lowest 10.5 battery voltage.
For feedback control we normally employ a self adjusting PWM circuit, which widens the pulse width during low battery or high load, and narrows it proportionately during no load or optimal battery conditions.
This means, at low battery conditions the PWM must auto adjust to maximum duty cycle, for maintaining the stipulated 310 V output. This maximum PWM can be assumed to be 98% of the total duty cycle.
The 2% gap is left for the dead time. Dead time is the zero voltage gap between each half cycle frequency, during which the MOSFETs or the specific power devices remain completely shut off. This ensures guaranteed safety and prevents shoot through across the MOSFETs during the transition periods of the push pull cycles.
Hence, input supply will be minimum when the battery voltage reaches at its minimum level, that is when Vin = Vin(min) = 10.5 V. This will prompt the duty cycle to be at its maximum 98%.
The above data can be used for calculating the average voltage (DC RMS) required for the primary side of the transformer to generate 310 V at the secondary, when battery is at the minimum 10.5 V. For this we multiply 98% with 10.5, as shown below:
0.98 x 10.5 V = 10.29 V, this the voltage rating our transformer primary is supposed to have.
Now, we know the maximum secondary voltage which is 330 V, and we also know the primary voltage which is 10.29 V. This allows us to get the ratio of the two sides as: 330 : 10.29 = 32.1.
Since the ratio of the voltage ratings is 32.1, the turn ratio should be also in the same format.
Meaning, x : 3 = 32.1, where x = secondary turns, 3 = primary turns.
Solving this we can quickly get the secondary number of turns
Therefore secondary turns is = 96.3.
The figure 96.3 is the number of secondary turns that we need for the proposed ferrite inverter transformer that we are designing. As stated earlier since fractional vales are difficult to implement practically, we round it off to 96 turns.
This concludes our calculations and I hope all the readers here must have realized how to simply calculate a ferrite transformer for a specific SMPS inverter circuit.
Calculating Auxiliary Winding
An auxiliary winding is a supplemental winding that a user may require for some external implementation.
Let's say, along with the 330 V at the secondary, you need another winding for getting 33 V for an LED lamp. We first calculate the secondary : auxiliary turn ratio with respect to the secondary winding 310 V rating. The formula is:
NA = Vsec / (Vaux + Vd)
NA = secondary : auxiliary ratio, Vsec = Secondary regulated rectified voltage, Vaux = auxiliary voltage, Vd = Diode forward drop value for the rectifier diode. Since we need a high speed diode here we will use a schottky rectifier with a Vd = 0.5V
Solving it gives us:
NA = 310 / (33 + 0.5) = 9.25, let's round it off to 9.
Now let's derive the number of turns required for the auxiliary winding, we get this by applying the formula:
Naux = Nsec / NA
Where Naux = auxiliary turns, Nsec = secondary turns, NA = auxiliary ratio.
From our previous results we have Nsec = 96, and NA = 9, substituting these in the above formula we get:
Naux = 96 / 9 = 10.66, round it off gives us 11 turns. So for getting 33 V we will need 11 turns on the secondary side.
So in this way you can dimension an auxiliary winding as per your own preference.
Wrapping up
In this post we learned how to calculate and design ferrite core based inverter transformers, using the following steps:
- Calculate primary turns
- Calculate secondary turns
- Determine and Confirm Bmax
- Determine the maximum secondary voltage for PWM feedback control
- Find primary secondary turn ratio
- Calculate secondary number of turns
- Calculate auxiliary winding turns
Using the above mentioned formulas and calculations an interested user can easily design a customized ferrite core based inverter for SMPS application.
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