When it comes to making an FM receiver it's always thought to be a complex design, however the one transistor simple FM receiver circuit explained here simply shows that it isn't the case after all. Here a single transistor acts as a receiver, demodulator, amplifier to constitute a wonderful tiny FM radio.
Image Courtesy: Elektor Electronics
It's basically based on a superregenerative audion receiver circuit where the use of minimal components becomes the main feature of the unit.
However fewer components also means a few compromises involved, here the receiver requires a large metal base for grounding the unwanted signals, and for keeping the noise factor to the lowest, and also this system would work only in places where the reception is rather strong and thus may not be suitable in areas where the signal strength is thinner.
How the One Transistor FM Radio Receiver Works
As mentioned above, the circuit is basically a single transistor superregenerative RF oscillator with a constant amplitude.
Here we have tried to enhance the design such that the amplitude becomes considerably magnified in order to turn OFF the transistor completely during the oscillations.
This called for an increase in the feedback capacitor and also to use a transistor specifically designed for handling extreme high frequency ranges such as a BF494.
Further modifications include an inductor with the emitter of the transistor, and a capacitor across the emitter resistor of the transistor.
Due to this the transistor is switched ON as soon as the base emitter voltage of the transistor falls significantly, resulting in an abrupt cut off in the oscillations.
However this prompts the emitter capacitor to discharge, allowing the collector current to yet again resume its flow, initiating a fresh cycle of oscillation.
The above happening forces the circuit to flip flop between two situations, oscillator OFF and oscillator ON, resulting a sawtooth frequency of about 50kHz at the output.
Each time the circuit flips across the above ON/OFF states, results in a significant stepping up of the amplitude which in turn constitutes greater amplification of the received signals. The procedure also gives rise to noise but only as long as a station is not being detected.
The above design has one drawback, though. The output received from the above circuit would have greater content of sawtooth noise compared to the actual FM reception.
A smart technique can be seen employed in the following single transistor FM radio circuit to attribute better efficiency to this simple design.
Here we pull out the emitter capacitor C5 ground link and connect it with the output.
This results in a fall in the collector voltage as the collector current rises, which in turn forces the emitter voltage to rise, prompting the emitter capacitor to negate the situation at the output.
This enforcement results in making the sawtooth effect on the received signal practically to zero, thus presenting an FM audio with much reduced background noise.
Single Transistor Radio with Audio Amplifier
To make the above circuit self-contained, an additional transistor stage may be introduced for enabling the radio to play the music loudly over a small loudspeaker.
The circuit is self explanatory, just the inclusion of a general purpose BC559 transistor along with a few inexpensive passive components can be witnessed in the design.
How to Make the Inductors
The involved coils or the inductors are very simply to wind.
L1 which is the oscillator coil is an air cored inductor, meaning no core is required, wire is super enamelled type, 0.8mm in thickness, diameter of 8mm, with five turns.
L2 is wound over R6 itself using 0.2mm super enameled copper wire with 20 turns.
How to Set Up the Circuit
- Initially when the circuit is switched ON, the output will be accompanied with substantial background noise which will gradually tend to disappear on detection of am FM station.
- This may be done by carefully tuning C2 with the help of an insulated screwdriver.
- Try to keep the tuning at the edge of the band of the particular FM station, with some practice and patience this would get easier with time.
- Once tuned, the circuit would respond to that reception every time its switched without the need for further alignment.
- As indicated at the beginning of the article, the circuit should be installed over a wide circular meta plate, preferably a solderable material, and all the ground of the circuit soldered on this plate.
- This is important to keep the circuit stable and avoid drifting away of the received stations and also for cancelling unwanted noise.
- The antenna in the proposed single transistor FM radio receiver circuit is not crucial and in fact should be kept as small as possible, a 10cm wire would be just enough.
Remember, the circuit also acts a like an effective transmitter circuit, therefore keeping the antenna size bigger would mean transmitting noise across the ether and disturbing your neighbors radio reception.
The upside being that the design can also used as a walkie talkie within a small radial distance....more on this next time.
Hi !
Where can we get 400 ohm speaker my friend ? I’ve never seen such value of Speaker so far. Or ,instead, can we connect it any amplificator? Thanks in advance.
You can try a 100 ohm speaker, or simply connect an LM386 type amplifier with an 8 ohm speaker, or you can also try any of these transistorized small amplifier
Hi Swagatam,
Very interesting circuit. I have a question though. Instead of immediately soldering everything together, I’ve first tried to build the circuit on a breadboard. Understanding that this is not optimal, I expected that this would just give me a bunch of static. Instead, I get no sound whatsoever, except for a slight crackle when I connect/disconnect the battery. I double-checked all the components and used a multimeter to verify all connections are OK. Voltages across components are what I’d expect.
Can you think of a reason why the circuit would behave this way on a breadboard?
Hi Thom, any high frequency RF circuit should be strictly built by soldering and by assembling the parts close to each other. So a breadboard is big no for such designs.
Moreover, for stability the board must be attached with a large grounded plate, as shown in the first image.
If a professionally built PCB is used then the PCB must be ground plain type, meaning all the part connections must be surrounded with copper tracks
Hi Swagatam, that is very informative. As a relative beginner when it comes to electronics, I never realized that a breadboard would not suffice for testing high frequency electronics. Thank you for taking the time to explain this.
No problem Thom, please keep up the good work!
This transistors must work:
C945p: 450 mhz Ft
Bc237b: 250 mhz Ft
Bf199: 500 mhz Ft (works better than bf494)
2n3904: 300 mhz Ft
S9018: 1.1 ghz Ft (works better than bf494 and bf199)
S9014: 270 mhz Ft
Bc547b: 300 mhz Ft
Thanks
With coil
OK, then it’s fine
And can I use fixed capacitor instead of trimmer capacitor ?
Then how will you adjust and tune the transmission frequency?
Hi. Can I use bc556 and 2n3904?
you can use them.
Can I use bc 557 for amp
yes you can….
I built this circuit. but the output is very noisy. I hear only loud buzz sound
Did you use a base plate for the grounding as indicated in the first image?
I would like to make tuner amplifier
If possible will update it soon!
Hello Dear Sawgatam…
Please ..Can you Explain us how to replace the LC syntonisation input by the Varicap syntonisation system.. Thanks for All your posts.
Hello Youcef,
It can be a long explanation, so i would suggest you to refer to this article which has elaborately explained the theory:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varicap
Can we get a Printed circuit board?
If you look at the schematic properly you will see that it is not missing but numbered differently .
Hi
R2 is missing in the last circuit. Is it ok
It was designed by elektor electronics engineers, if they have removed R2 in the last diagram it must be OK.
I think a single transistor radio would only make AM radio instead of the Multi channel FM radio and it only works if the signal really strong in your area. However if the signal is blocked or whatsoever this circuit may not work at all. I would prefer to use a IC that which make things easier.
Hi there sir 🙂
I want to know Is this circuit working perfectly?. because I have a project assignment to make a FM receiver without using IC. Your replied would be help me a lot.
Thank you sir.
Hi Hariz, this circuit was designed and tested by the Elektor electronic engineers, so this is a tested and a verified design, however this being a very small and a low tech FM receiver/transmitter circuit, the reception quality will be bad, and only the nearby strong stations will be received by this unit.
Sir I want to know if I can place an axial lead inductor of the same value in place of the coil L2
Ajekiigbe, you can try it, I don't think that would cause any issues….
A0A,SIR WHICH AMPLIFIER IS SUPPOSED TO USE ACROSS C6.
Any small amplifier like the following one, or if you have any readymade one will also do:
https://www.homemade-circuits.com/ic-lm-386-datasheet-explained-in-simple/
Sir, which capacitors and inductor make up the Colpitt's oscillator?
the basic idea is of a colpits oscillator, but different Colpit circuits might have slightly different method of operation….here the L, and the parallel C become responsible for the Colpits oscillator, according to me.
Ok. Thank you
Hello sir, in relation to the third circuit above, will the signal go A) up into the emitter and out the collector or B) will it go down and around and through the collector and out the emitter of T1?
Hello Wesley, The process could be much complex and it could be difficult for us to simulate the entire process in our mind.
Ok. Thank you sir.
Sir, what is the function of R1 and c1? And the function of the polarised capacitor and the 1k ohm resistor in the top right corner? And the function of c4 connected to the base of t2?
They all together along with the inductor for a regenerative kind of oscillator circuit
Ok. Thank you sir.
Hello sir, I have one question. What is the distance for the winding for L1 and L2? Like the total length of the winding?
Wesley, please do it as explained below
L1 which is the oscillator coil is an air cored inductor, meaning no core is required, wire is super enamelled type, 0.8mm in thickness, diameter of 8mm, with five turns.
L2 is wound over R6 itself using 0.2mm super enameled copper wire with 20 turns.
hello sir, i want to make FM transmitter and FM radio receiver 2 channel remote control car may you give me idea.
hello Karmchand, FM radio is not recommended, rather you can try the following concept
https://www.homemade-circuits.com/2013/07/simple-100-meter-rf-module-remote.html
Can someone tell me what R6? Sorry did not know
Thanks Rohit, you can try the following concept
https://www.homemade-circuits.com/2015/10/make-this-electric-scooterrickshaw.html
Dear sir,
I'm the big fan of yours
Kindly tell me about how can I make bldc esc at home.
Sir Please reply
My email rohitpandey2199@gmail.com
Dear sir
Kindly tell me about how can I make a home base radio station for what I need. For make a complete
My email kashifmehmood45@gmail.com
Dear Kashif, you can select any online 10km FM transmitter circuit and build it to make your home based radio station
Sorry,but I am talking about the 2 circuit for the l2 coil…and can you please post a photo of your succesful project from the top…..
L2 has no core for other circuits, it's air cored
Hello,can you tell me the value of c2 and it is a pot or not
C2 is a 22pf or 33pf trimmer (variable capacitor), how can a capacitor be a pot?
Hello can I make this circuit in pcb board or bread board and my secound question is that l2 is wounded on what please give reply..
Not on breadboard, PCB or veroboard will do!
in last design L2 is wound over the resistor
hello sir.. where can i get these component shown above??
I am a student of class 12 and i don't have any idea for how to make a radio but i followed ur instructions and have nearly completed the circuit i just want to ask where should I connect the positive and negative terminals of the speaker
positive to +9V
negative to 0V line which is shown connected with the speaker
I am sorry, it would be quite difficult for me to understand the fault without actually checking your design…all these circuits were tested by the original authors…the above design was built and tested by the elektor electronic engineers so definitely it has to work.
please do not measure the inductance, it's not required, the number of turns and the diameter are what we have to consider and must be done exactly as mentioned in the article.
these circuits are very basic and therefore the FM station must be quite close by for reception by these circuits, weak stations or far away station will not be detected by them.
i can't find 400 ohms resistor..!!! Can i do it using available speaker..!! such as 6 or 8 ohms
will do…use a 1/2 watt speaker or even smaller
I choosed to make cirquit number 2 (the one with reduced background noise) .I pluged in a breadboard and works great.But there is one big problem-the tuning does not work at all.I clearly hear that an FM statio is playing.The local electronics shop did not have the transistor BF494,so I put 2N3904.Is the problem from the transistor or something else.Do you have any ideas to solve the problem?
Cheers
Toni
2N3904 can handle upto 270MHZ so that cannot be a problem…check C2 connections, if it's not correctly connected or the part is faulty then tuning can become impossible, additionally if the one of the stations is too close by then tuning other stations could become a lot difficult
sir can you tell me the values of inductors and their turns
have a good day
OH AND COULD YOU ALSO TELL ME THAT IN THE PIC OF THE CIRCUIT ABOVE WHAT IS THAT BLACK BOX TYPE THING ON THE PLATE AND THAT GREENISH CYLINDER SOLDERED ONTO THE PLATE TOO
The black box is the earphone socket, and the yellowish color cylinder is the variable capacitor or the trimmer C2
HI. i am ATTEMPTING THIS CIRCUIT.HOWEVER I CANT FIND THE WIRE FOR INDUCTORS WHICH SATISFIES THE GIVEN DIMENSIONS. IS THERE ANY ALTERNATIVE TO WIRE WINDING THE INDUCTORS?
I'm sorry there's no alternative to the wire specification for the coil.
I couldn’t find 0.8mm wire so I used 1.2mm wire with one additional turn. It worked.
I used online inductance calculator to calculate inductance of specified inductor. Then I put my 1.2mm wire in the calculator and modified number of turns until I got the same inductance.
Thanks for sharing this info! appreciate it!
sir i want a general receiver with antenna, if the length of antenna increase the range should also increased. please upload this. Thanks in advance.
Ciit, that's never possible…the antenna will work only to a minor extent after that no matter how much you increase it the reception quality will not respond
Hi sir , thanks for all the effort. I have a few questions too. 1st: Can i use a BF495 transistor instead of BF494? because I was not able to find it. 2nd which circuit will i use the first or second circuit the one with two transistors? lastly: will an 8 ohm speaker do the job ?. Thanks again sir.
thanks Zakarya, yes BF495 will work instead of BF494, and 8 ohm speaker will do.
Thank you sir .
Hello sir!
I have 2 doubts.
1) Can you use a copper clad board, instead of a PCB?
2) What does Amp in the circuit mean? What should we ask for in shops?
Thank you sir 🙂
Hello Shrutheesh, A PCB is made from a copper clad, so there's nothing wrong using a copper clad.
amp refers to amplifier for boosting the sound level…..the last circuit can be build without the need of an external amp.
Thank you sir 🙂
I'm sorry, I'm a bit confused with the last circuit.
What does the 'O' stand for?
that's 0 (zero) , the point where the negative of the battery needs to be connected.
Oh, thank you!
One last question, where does the outlet, I'm using headphones
Where do I connect them?
you can use the second last circuit and connect the headphone across the points "to amp" and 0V
Hi, can I use NTE229 as replacement for the BF494? I can't find that one in my country…If not, is there any other NPN I can use? Also, do you know the numeration of the wire in AWG? Is it 20 AWG and 32 AWG? Does it matter if I use wire a little bigger in diameter or tinier?
Hi, please check the datasheet of the transistor and check its "f" value, if it's rated to handle around 200Mhz then it can be used
wire thickness is not critical, the winding diameter is critical…
How do I modify his circuit for 3V operation? PP3s are rather expensive… Also, I can't find that specific rf BJT on digit key for one unit. ( minimum order qty. is like 10k) How do I choose a replacement?
modification of any kind can affect the circuit performance, so it's not advisable…since 9V was suggested in the original article, this voltage should be only tried…or perhaps you can add many 1.5V cells in series to achieve the same.
you can try BC547 in place of the shown device
Hi, just want to ask if i need to sand the wires for L1 & L2..and what is the distance between turns on L2?
I did not understand what you meant by "sand the wires" please clarify…if it means scraping the ends then yes you must do it in order to solder it…..L2 is not critical, wind it tightly wound and adjust it the to the indicated value
how can i made a fm transmitter for this circuit send m link
thank you so much sir, please can you help me with any good fm receiver circuit that can pick fm radio from a long distance
Daniel, you can make a good quality FM radio using IC TDA7000
sir, in this circuit , i always receiver a weak station and the noise is too much , how can i make it to receiver strong station and reduce noise
daniel, you will be able to receive strong receptions only if the radio station is relatively closer to your place, otherwise it will be noisy and unclear….
sir, you are good and kind , may god bless you so much ,i will like to be your friend more ,
thank you Daniel, God bless you too…
Swagtam pls can u pls post a very simple rc reciever circuit for a rc plane
Bashir, if i find one will surely post it for you…
thank you so much sir, i use S 9018 transistor and it works fine but can you tell me the different between regenerative fm receiver and this circuit that you post,
the above circuit is also a regenerative kind of circuit which does not rely on external oscillators.
sir , how many turns of coils L1 and L2 that will a frequency range of 88 MHz TO 120 MHz
it's mentioned in the article.
Sir,can this reciever work as on and off when my transmitter is turn on and off switch when connecting it to some deviceses.tnx
you mean like a remote control?…yes it can be modified for such application also….
Good day sir. I would like to ask the following:
1. BF494 to 2SD756 ; BC559C to BC558B is these replacement ok?
2. Is there anyway to boost the FM Signal (88-108 MHz) coming in to the circuit?
3. How would I wire the Varicap and tune it using the trimmer screws? In my case I shorted the Oscillator and Amplifier pins then solder them on the PCB.
4. I used 0.8mm for the L2, is that ok sir?
Your site and works is a very big help to me as a student. Every time I have projects, this site is my first option and I even recommended this site to my classmates. Many thanks to you, for your ideas and help. More power and God Bless !
Thanks PSK,
For selecting the transistor you'll have to refer to their datasheets and confirm if their transition frequency is above 200MHz, only those will work here.
Boosting is not possible with this circuit.
Varicap is not recommended for the above design so can't comment on it.
The inductors must be wound exactly as per the data given in the article, others will not work correctly.
Thanks for the speedy reply sir.
For the Transistors, I've checked them and fortunately they're good.
Sorry for the misconception, I used Variable Cap. not a varicap. I shorted the A and the O.
Oh I see. then I must replace them.
Thanks a lot sir…
You are welcome PSK
good day sir, i have something to clarify regarding with your comment above about this, "However the above circuit will be able to receive the signals only if the FM station is fairly close by, for weaker receptions the circuit will not respond."
i have a transmitter and i want to use the circuit above as a receiver so that i can make a simple walkie talkie. i have set my transmitter at 89.8Mhz and i assure that there is no station that occupies this range, if i set the circuit above also at 89.8Mhz is it possible that i can transmit?if yes can it transmit within 20meters?
good day Ivan, yes you can give it a try, it might work but I am not sure about the range, will depend on the strength of the Tx…
thank you sir, i have another question, the BF494 transistor is not available in our country (Philippines) do you have another alternative transistor that have the same characteristics with BF494?
you can try BC547
thank you sir. i'll try this one.
Thanx for the reply, jst 1 more question, where should i connect the antenna?
at the emitter of the transistor T1
those 3 circuits are a nightmare –they DO NOT WORK !—3 months sweat —just a hum !
—-how do u get 9 volts at the base of bf 494 TRANSISTOR when u adjust the 22pf trim cap –
then u get zero —turn more –u get 6-9 volts at the base again —madness !
if it's not working for you, doesn't mean the circuit is incorrect, it has been tested by elecktor electronics engineers.
Hello sir i need to know the voltages of the capacitors. Plz reply.
Hello Aniket, C6 could be 16V or higher, rest all are ceramic type which are by default always 50V rated.
thank you for the reply sir, is L2 and r6 are parallel each other sir.? sorry im a beginner sir ^_^
yes they are connected in parallel
sir about the inductor , what material did you used , is it magnetic wire ? what number corresponds to awg ? plz help
yes a magnet wire is used, you can use an online mm to AWG software for the conversions.
hare is only given the structure of L1 and L2…………but i need value……….please help me………….its designed by you………so u know it batter……….
No, it's not designed by me,
to know the values you can quickly make the coils practically, and measure the values using an Inductance meter, it's very simple.
what are the actual value of L1 and L2………….i need it emergency ………because its my project…………and i have to submit it very soon…………
the values are not known, the construction details are given which is more important than exact values.
Well, what can I say? All I get is a "humming" noise from the speaker. I built it ugly fashion, on a bit of copper-clad, everything in the air apart from grounds, where indicated, and everything as short as possible. I made the circuit third picture down from the top. I am not at all sure what that winding around the resistor is for, but I suspect it.
I have never been able to get an FM receiver or even an oscillator to work. Ever. This one is no exception, and now I really do give up. In any case, thanks for the effort and your time posting this, it was fun to make, at least :D.
optimizing tuned circuits is never easy unless you are an expert in the field.
As for the above circuit it's a tested design from elektor electronic engineers so definitely the design is OK.
you'll need to attach a ground plate under the circuit with all the negative connections soldered to this plate…as shown in the top image.
However the above circuit will be able to receive the signals only if the FM station is fairly close by, for weaker receptions the circuit will not respond.
by the way be positive, keep trying I am sure you'll succeed some day:)
Hi bro, i'm a beginner and have some troubles with this circuit, so please tell me how this circuit can:
– acts as a tuned RF circuit.
– detects audio signal from modulated -RF signal.
my e-mail: dnv1836@gmail.com
Thanks a lot.
Hi bro, I have roughly explained the working in the article, please refer to it.
How can I change the circuit to tune with a varicap and a pot?
I'll have to do some research and figure it out, presently I do not know about it.
hi sir.,
i m your big fan
i want a walkie talkie circuit within the range of 100m or variable distance above 100m
plz sir help me to do this by your circuit…
Hi Abdul,
Thanks! I would surely try to post one such circuit very soon in this blog. Please keep in touch.
can i use a bread board instead of a metal base ?
can you give me the entire list of components with its specifications ?
metal base is strictly required, therefore a general purpose board would suit better with a metal base.
Components are all standard: resistors are 1/4 watt rated and the capacitors 25V rated.
can you suggest me ways for making the antenna ?
antenna is a piece of 3 inch wire.
any specific wire for making this antenna
any ordinary flexible wire will do
hi !
can i use a voltage regulator instead of the variable capacitor ?
if not how do you turn the capacitors screw ?
turn it with a screw driver
sir,
Is it possible to sweep radio station by 555 timer wave genarator instead of trimer.,actually I am making a "ghost box". where i need to change fm station very fast without lock any station.this circuit is eligible for this method.
555 with a 4017 IC can be used but will be a complex circuit.
The above circuit is a crude FM receiver, will work only if the FM radio station is very near.
Other question: There is no R2 in the cirtuit? And I don't really understand your notation, wich side of C6 is the +? black or white strip? thanks
R2 is there in the first two circuits. the white block is the positive.
What must be the range of C2 for 87-108MHz range? Should we use 1/4W or 1/2W resistors?
C2 is a trimmer you will need to tweak it manually for the required range.
all are 1/4 watts
Is 22pf the max of C2 ?
C2 must be 1-22pf ? or 22pf is the value at the middle of our variable component?
yes 22pF means variable from it's 0 to 22pF (max), however any other value such as 33pF or 60pF will also do.
will it work on frequency band 88-108 MHz??
Please Rply
yes it will work.
Please c0nfirm 2 things:
Thickness of L2 is 0.2mm ??
What is the Diameter 0f L2?
it's to be wound on R6
can y0u tell me the values 0f L1 and L2 in 'henry' ?
It is aesy to found induct0rs in henry..
that's not important, you can make it as per the give instructions
….readymade coils will not work.
what's the thickness and diameter of L2??
sir
how much cost is reqired for making this project
Rs.40/-
sir, i have a fm transmitter of range just 1 feet. it works on 1.5v.
how can i increase its range?
Can i use any amplifier circuit?
Syed, even the most ordinary FM Tx circuit will have a range of 20 meters and above, your circuit could be faulty or not tuned correctly.
Good day sir!!
I have some questions and doubts.
1. Can I change the L1 w/ inductor? And if possible what value?
2. Where is the antenna?
3. Can I use a 9V pp3 battery as power source?
4. Can I connect the output to an earphone instead of amplifier?
that's all thanks in advance!!!
Good day Achilles,
Here are the answers:
1) You can change but it's not recommended, moreover the given data is too straightforward to need a change.
2)Antenna for the receiver is not crucial ad may not be used.
3)yes will do.
4) yes that would be OK.
its a crank circuit, macq.comuv.com/projects/img/lED.png
the battery discharges so fast in this design. i need an efficient circuit to charge battery from variable voltage source, like wind charger (0~30v, 1watt), and protect battery from quick discharge.
OK, I'll try to figure out a circuit and let you know! By the way you could also try a buck boost design as shown here:
https://www.homemade-circuits.com/2013/06/universal-ic-555-buck-boost-circuit.html
Good day! All the caps are ordinary disc ceramic types.
Hi Swagatam,
super circuit, adding a band-pass_filter to allow only a particular frequency and reject all others will reduce noise and give a smooth tuning. is it?
-AND, i am making a wind charger setup to charge a 6V 4.2Ah battery. Can you provide some details on winding coils, turns & voltages.
Hi Max,
Thanks very much!
I am not very sure how that would be possible in this smallish design, will try to it figure it out.
For the wind charger what kind of circuit are you using? If you specify some more details then may be i can help.
Thank's I will try
Hey Mr. Swagatam,
Is a good circuit and very simple, I have 2 question.
1. How many turns for L1
2. The circuit is't work on DTMF Decoder?
Hi Saman,
It's five turns
yes it will work with DTMF inputs, apply it at the base of T1 via a 0.1uF cap
yes you can do it.
Send you a mail regarding a project to ' homemadecircuits@gmail.com ' hope this is the mail id that you check regularly
Riz
read your email, but sorry to say i won't be able to make the prototype for you….you can use the specified circuit for your purpose, there's no restriction from my side.
which circuit will i make from above tree circuits?
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