The circuit discussed in this article is of a non-contact mains AC field detector which displays the presence of a mains AC field from a distance of more an 6 inches.
Locating Fault in AC Lines without Physical Contact
The circuit can be used for locating faults in house wiring without the need of making physical contact with the inner conductor of the wire and becomes useful in locating the breaks in a wire by pin pointing the area where the AC mains may be blocked due to a breakage.
The circuit is basically high gain non inverting amplifier which is configured using a few opamps and a few other inexpensive passive electronic components.
Just a couple of opamps have been incorporated here from the IC 324 for the required operations.
Design Description
Looking at the figure we notice the following things:
The non-inverting input of the IC is grounded making the sensitivity of the configuration to the maximum.
Similarly a feed back loop created by connecting the output of the opamps to the inverting input helps to increase the gain of the set up many folds.
The input is applied to the inverting input 2 of the IC through a blocking capacitor.
The signals entering via the antenna is quickly picked up by the opamp inverting input and sent to the
preceding circuit for the required processing and amplification.
It may be interesting to note that the sensitivity of the design can be simply varied by changing the value of the feedback resistor R1, for maximum sensiticity this resistor can be omitted.
However this can make the circuit a bit unstable and might provide false results.
Second Series opamp Amplifier Function
The next stage includes another identical amplifier which is just the repetition of the previous input stage.
This stage has been included in order to make the response of the circuit instant and so that the circuit is able to pick even the slightest of RF or the AC field within a certain range.
In case the circuit is intended to be used for detecting mains phase only at touching proximity, the sensitivity may be reduced to the required levels or the second stage may be excluded from the design.
The LED connected at the output is used for displaying the presence of the AC field; an illuminated LED identifies the presence of the field while no light from it provides the opposite conclusion.
By connecting a 1V FSD moving coil meter at the output, the device can be used to detect and measure the average strength of the AC mains present in that particular vicinity.
Parts List
- R1 = 2M2,
- R2 = 100K,
- R3 = 1K,
- C1 = 0.01uF
- A1, A2 = IC 324
Video Clip:
Feedback from one of the avid followers of this website:
Am a civil engineer by profession based in Bangalore. Am in the construction industry for the last 20 yrs, have a manufacturing unit for modular kitchens.
Here is my requirement to automate the dust collector on or off for three different CNC based machines.
The company does not allow me to physically tap into any electrical but allows me to use a non contact voltage detector.
So I need to process the output of the non-contact voltage detector through IC LM324 and trigger a 12v relay which will switch the dust collector on or off.
The dust collector load is 7.5 hp 3 phase.
I would like to sense the voltage of the conveyor motor of the machine which is 3 phase Ac, 50 htz, 4amp. When this conveyor motor comes alive I would like the dust collector to come on and vice versa.
I have attached the photo of the motor and the specifications in my next mail. This motor has a MPCB which has a 24v control voltage triggering the mpcb. I intend to have a MPCB for my dust collector motor as well.
Kindly let me know if you need further specifications/requirements for the same.
Circuit Diagram
The complete circuit for the above application can be witnessed in the following diagram.
The first design is a relatively easier one using only transistors. The second one is using 4 opamps of LM324. Both are designed to activate a relay in response to an AC phase detection, non contact.
Another Very Simple Mains AC Hum Detector Circuit using IC 4011
The hum receiver is made up of a single COS/MOS IC consisting four NAND - gates (CD 4011). The four gates are connected in series to form signal amplifier like configuration.
The first gate (N1) detects the 220 V or 120 V AC hum radiated by the mains grid electrical line. You must take care not to keep the NAND gate inputs far away from various other sources of RF interference su ch as amplifier outputs, etc. A copper wire with a length of 2 to 3 cm will be adequate to serve like an antenna for picking up the 50 Hz or 60 Hz hum and to process the signal into a correspnding level of square wave output.
The output may show a risetime of about 20 ns at the output of gate N4. Based on the circumstances, one or two gates can often be eliminated. The current consumption of the complete CD 4011 IC is extremely minimal hence a 4.5 V battery employed as the power supply may be equivalent to almost the normal shelf life of th battery.
AC Mains Wiring Finder
The next circuit describes a straightforward way of finding conductors which carry alternating current or AC mains. A 100mH pick-up coil with a which is utilized as a detector coil.
A current-carrying conductor generates a magnetic field and holds a minute voltage in L1, which is amplified through opamps A1 and A2.
Capacitors C2 to C5 occupy a value that makes sure maximum amplification in A1 and A2 with signals about 50 Hz. Throughout the positive half-waves of the AC network, D1 stays lit.
Hi Sir Swagatam
Hello. I want to do your first circuit in order to help me to detect where and how deep is lying the main’s line wire when drilling the wall in order to prevent drilling the wire which could be dangerous. You are kindly requested to tell me how deep it detects the line wire and how accurate is it in determining the proper place of the wire.
Thank you very much Sir
Best regards
Mike
Hi Mike, the sensitivity of the circuit will actually depend on the antenna length. For a 6 inches antenna, the circuit will be able to detect up to 4 inches deep inside a concrete. The detection accuracy will also depend on the antenna, for longer the accuracy will decrease, this will need to experimented to find the optimal length of the antenna wire.
The circuit will work only with a battery, preferably a 9 V battery.
Hello Sir engineer Swagatam
Thank you for your detailed response. Do you think that a telescopic antenna would be good for that?
Wish you the best; dear Swagatam
Best regards
Mike
Thank you Mike, actually any piece of metal will work as the antenna, but a telescopic antenna might give better results due to its larger diameter.
Thank you very much for your response, Sir Swagatam. You pointed out an important issue: the thickness of of the antenna. you are really a very good man. Never forget you kindness.
Best regards
wish you all the best
Mike
You are most welcome Mike, I am always happy to help!
Hello swag, I designed 27Mhz FM transmitter. but not getting constant frequency, can you please suggest me proper circuit, with crystal oscillator.or any IC available in market for FM.
Hello Rakesh.
are you referring to the following circuit:
https://www.homemade-circuits.com/simple-walkie-talkie-circuit/
If possible I’ll try to publish another one but it’s 10km range system.
Hi Swag,
I notice that this circuit uses a 324 IC (LM324). This is a Quad Ampop. Can I use a Dual Ampop?
Best Regards.
NA
Hi Neilio,
In my prototype I had used LM324 IC, but any other dual opamp should also work, such as LM358 etc
Hi Swag,
Post this comment in a wrong circuit (in Spectrum Analyzer).
What are de specifications of the antenna? A Wire? Size? Type?
Best Regards.
Nélio Abreu
Hi Neilio, No problems!
The antenna is simply a 3 to 6 inches long flexible wire, any thin flexible wire will do.
Please see the video to get a correct idea of the wire length and type
Hi Swagatam, I tried to make this project but I cant seem to make it work. Can you please upload a schematic (with the IC symbols etc). Thanks in advance
Hi John, you just have follow the pin numbers of the IC as given in the diagram and assemble it exactly as is.
if you can tell me what's specifically happening with your circuit, I would try to troubleshoot it accordingly.
I have uploaded my breadboard photo (imgur.com/JQiVPKT).
As soon as i power up, the LED is dimly lit and when i touch the antenna with my hand, it goes off. And there is no change when I bring the antenna near an AC line.
I am afraid breadboarding probably will not work for this design since the circuit is very sensitive and the long wires on the breadboard might upset it.
please refer to the prototype image which was successfully built by me, see how the components are placed so compactly on the tiny PCB by soldering them.
it will need to be built exactly in this way
….by the way the 1K resistors indicated in your breadboard image are all 100k, and you have used 560k as the limiting resistor for the LED, not sure from where you got this value that's huge and incorrect
I will try it on a perf board and let you know if anything is wrong.
Regarding the 1k resistors, I labelled them wrong. They should be 100k as indicated in your parts list (R2).
About the 560ohm resistor, i calculated it with an app (I use ElectroDroid app from play store) and determined that thats what i need to get around 10mA across the LED from a 7.2v supply (please let me know if this is incorrect)
Last, i was using a wall wart (AC-DC adapter) as my power supply. Just had a thought if this could interfere with the circuit considering how sensistive it is. Will try a 9v battery.
560 ohms is OK, but you have shown 560 K ohms in the image which is incorrect.
AC/DC adapter will not work, you'll have to use a battery.
most probably your circuit is not working because of the adapter….
OK, no problem.
My led light comes on as soon as I plug in the battery
how can I adapt this circuit for other voltage & frequency? which part should I change?
Is R2 must stay at 100K even if the voltage & frequency to be detected is not 220v 50Hz?
Sorry, you cannot modify this circuit for detecting specific frequencies, it will detect all strong RFs irrespective of voltage and freq.
Thank you for your response,
I'm stil wondering what is the purpose of R2 there?
Shouldn't it be in between capacitor C1 and inverting input pin 2?
R1/R2 both determine the sensitivity of the circuit, R2 is optimally set and should not be disturbed, only R1 should be tweaked for adjusting the sensitivity levels of the circuit.
sorry if I'm such a noob, I'm just trying to understand your circuit in the deep sir…
I find your circuit is interesting, but I still unable to completely understand the inner working of it.
I have compared your circuit with the resistor configurations in
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifier_applications
but none of those fits perfectly with your resistor configuration.
In the link there is no configuration that shows both of the inputs are grounded, while in your configuration they are grounded. That's why I'm confused sir…
I know the design is weird and difficult to understand but it works only in this why, if you try alter anything, the circuit would just refuse to work efficiently.
It resembles an open loop differential amplifier kind of configuration where the inverting responds to the negative AC from the antenna and amplifies it appropriately with the aid of the feed back resistor.
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