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Electronics Theory

IC 4060 Pinouts Explained

Last Updated on May 20, 2026 by Swagatam 69 Comments

IC4060PinOut

Another versatile device, the IC 4060 has numerous applications and can be used for implementing various useful functions in an electronic circuit. Introduction Basically the IC 4060 is a oscillator/Timer IC and can be used for producing discretely variable accurate time intervals or delays. Alternatively it may also be used as an oscillator for acquiring […]

Filed Under: Electronics Theory Tagged With: 4060, Explained, Pinouts

Calculate Battery, Transformer, MOSFET in Inverter

Last Updated on May 20, 2026 by Swagatam 105 Comments

In this post I have explained how to correctly calculate inverter parameters with associated stages such as battery and transformer, by calculating the matching the parameters correctly. Introduction Making an inverter all by yourself can be definitely lot of fun. However if the results are not satisfactory can completely spoil the whole purpose of the […]

Filed Under: Electronics Theory Tagged With: Battery, Calculate, Inverter, MOSFET, Transformer

High Current Voltage Doubler Circuit

Last Updated on May 20, 2026 by Swagatam 18 Comments

highcurrentvoltagedoublercircuit

In this post I have explained a voltage high current doubler circuit which will almost double the voltage that’s been applied at the input (up to 15V max), and also it becomes specifically useful since it allows higher current loads to be used at the output, in the order 10 amps. Since the voltage doubler […]

Filed Under: Electronics Theory Tagged With: Current, Doubler, High, Voltage

How to Connect a Relay through an Opto-Coupler

Last Updated on May 20, 2026 by Swagatam 56 Comments

opto coupler relay driver circuit

In the following post I have explained how to drive a relay by using an isolated method, or through an optocoupler device. We will learn three methods, first method is by connecting relay directly with the optocoupler output pins, second method is by using external PNP transistors, and third method is by using external NPN […]

Filed Under: Electronics Theory Tagged With: Connect, Coupler, Opto, Relay, through

How to Generate PWM Using IC 555 (2 Methods Explored)

Last Updated on May 20, 2026 by Swagatam 91 Comments

oscillator 555 50 duty cycle 080261320

The IC 555 is an extremely useful and versatile device which can be applied for configuring many useful circuits in the field of electronics. One very useful feature of this IC is its ability to generate PWM pulses which can be dimensioned or processed as per the needs of the application or the circuit. What’s […]

Filed Under: Electronics Theory Tagged With: 555, Explored, Generate, Methods, PWM

Transistor Relay Driver Circuit with Formula and Calculations

Last Updated on May 20, 2026 by Swagatam 127 Comments

Relaydriver

In this article we will comprehensively study a transistor relay driver circuit and learn how to design its configuration by calculating the parameters through formulas. Importance of Relay Relays are one of the most important components in electronic circuits. Especially in circuits where high power transfer or mains AC load switching is involved, relays play […]

Filed Under: Electronics Theory Tagged With: Calculations, Driver, Formula, Relay, Transistor

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