Connecting transistors in parallel is a process in which the identical pinouts of two or more transistors are connected together in a circuit in order to multiply the power handling capacity of the combined parallel transistor set.
In this post we will learn how to safely connect multiple transistors in parallel, these can be BJTs or mosfets, we will discuss both.
Why Parallel Transistor become Necessary
While making power electronic circuits, configuring the power output stage correctly becomes very crucial. This involves creating a power stage that can handle high power with least effort. This usually is not possible using single transistors, and requires many of them to be connected in parallel.
These stages primarily may consist of power devices like the power BJTs or MOSFETs. Normally, single BJTs become sufficient for getting moderate output current, however when higher output current is required, it becomes necessary to add more number of these devices together. Therefore it becomes necessary to connect theses devices in parallel. Though using single BJTs is relatively easier, connecting them in parallel needs some attention due to the one significant drawback with transistor characteristics.
What is "Thermal Runaway" in BJTs
As per their specs, transistors (BJTs) need to be operated under reasonably cooler conditions, so that their power dissipation does not exceed the maximum specified value. And that's why we install heatsinks on them to maintain the above criterion.
Moreover, BJTs have a negative temperature coefficient characteristic which force them to increase their rate of conduction proportionately as their case temperature increases.
As its case temperature tends to increase, the current through the transistor also increases, which forces the device to heat up further.
The process gets into a kind of chain reaction heating the device rapidly until the device becomes too hot to sustain and gets permanently damaged. This situation is called thermal runaway, in transistors.
When two or more transistors are connected in parallel, due to their slightly differing individual characteristics (hFE), the transistors in the group may dissipate at different rates, some a little faster and others a little slower.
Consequently, the transistor which may be conducting slightly more current through it might start getting heated up faster than the neighboring devices, and soon we may find the device entering into a thermal runaway situation damaging itself and subsequently transferring the phenomenon to the remaining devices as well, in the process.
The situation can be effectively tackled by adding a small value resistor in series with the emitter of each transistor connected in parallel. The resistor inhibits and controls the amount of current passing through the transistors and never allows it to go to dangerous levels.
The value should be appropriately calculated, as per the magnitude of the current passing through them.
How it's connected? See the figure below.

How to Calculate the Emitter Current Limiting Resistor in Parallel BJTs
It is actually very simple, and could be calculated using Ohm's Law:
R = V/I,
Where V is the supply voltage used in the circuit, and "I" could be 70% of the transistor's maximum current handling capacity.
For example let's say if you used 2N3055 for the BJT, since the max current handling capacity of the device is around 15 amps, 70% of this would be around 10.5 A.
Therefore, assuming the V= 12V, then
R = 12/10.5 = 1.14 Ohms
Calculating the Base Resistor
This can be done using the following formula
Rb = (12 - 0.7)hFE / Collector Current (Ic)
Let's assuming hFE = 50, Load current = 3 amps, the above formula could be solved as under:
Rb = 11.3 x 50 / 3 = 188 Ohms
How to Avoid Emitter Resistors in Parallel BJTs
Although the use of emitter current limiter resistors looks good and technically correct, a simpler and a smarter approach could be to mount the BJTs over a common heatsink with a lot of heatsink paste applied to their contact surfaces.
This idea will allow you to get rid of the messy wire-wound emitter resistors.
Mounting over a common heatsink will ensure quick and uniform sharing of heat and eliminating the dreaded thermal runaway situation.
Moreover since the collectors of the transistors are supposed to be in parallel and joined with each other, the use of mica isolators no longer become essential and makes things much convenient as the body of the transistors get connected in parallel through their heatsink metal itself.
It's like a win-win situation...transistors easily combining in parallel through the heatsink metal, getting rid of the bulky emitter resistors, a well as eliminating the thermal runaway situation.

Connecting MOSFETs in Parallel
In the above section we learned how to safely connect BJTs in parallel, when it comes to mosfets the conditions become entirely the opposite, and much in favor of these devices.
Unlike the BJTs, mosfets do not have the negative temperature coefficient problems, and therefore are free from the thermal runaway situations due to overheating.
On the contrary, these devices exhibit a positive temperature coefficient characteristics, meaning the devices begin conducting less efficiently and begin blocking current as it begins getting warmer.
Therefore while connecting mosfets in parallel we do not have to worry much about anything, and you may simply go ahead hooking them up in parallel, without depending on any current limiting resistors, as shown below. However using separate gate resistors for each of the mosfets should be considered....although this is not too critical..

swagatam sir i am free lance electronic hobbyist too. I want to know from scratch of basic electronics to build a strong foundation for my knowledge purpose.please suggest some books or upload some tutorial so that i can learn from you .
Hi Kathiravan,
I am myself planning to write a related book and sell the publication at cheap rates for the hobbyists here, presently there's no such info online which would enable a new hobbyist to grasp the facts quickly within 6 months or so, if i find any will let you know for sure.
yes, but why would you require parallel transistors for a relay??
Hi!
The piece of information I cannot find anywhere is what the specs should be for the emitter resistor (that is resistance and max amperage).
In my project I have two screwdrivers with controller, transistor and motor. I want to let one controller switch both transistors, put them in parallell and so regulate both motors from one potentiometer.
I don't have the specs for the transistors, but know of course that they can handle full load from one motor each. The motors operates on 18 V and drops at max load to 15,6 V/18Amps.
What specs should my emitter resistors have, and how does one dimension such in the general case. I cannot find this answere anywhere, and I highly suspect that i e electric car situations would require something rather different from low voltage/power circuit boards?
Thanks!
Hi, In general the resistors must be rated such that even with a short circuit condition the resistors are able to restrict the current from exceeding the BJTs breakdown limit.
for example if the breakdown limit of a tramsistor is 15Amp, we can consider 14 amp as the safe limit and then use Ohms law for dimesnsionng the resistor as given below, ….assuming 12V as the supply voltage:
R = 12/14 = 0.85 ohms
Hello Hitman,
Even by your standards this is an awesome post, particularly the idea of preventing thermal runaway by sharing heat sinks. I'm actually revisiting your solar tracker circuit and needed more power, so here i am. Keep up the good work,
Brian
Thanks very much Brian, I am glad you liked the post!!
I always thought that BJT’S had a POSITIVE Temp Coefficient and MOSFETS had a NEGATIVE Temp Coefficient.
Please how can I combine two pnp and two npn transistors together in parallel
that’s not possible, you cannot connect NPN and PNP in parallel
Hello sir… I want to know that how to connect the two npn bipolar transistor for my power supply.. Because when i connect one transistor then it is blow out… Please suggest me how to connect it… I used following components in my power supply lm317, bd139, 6a04 diode, 12-0-12 8amp transformer and 2n3055 transistor
Apurva, please show me the circuit or the link which you are referring to!
How to send the image in this comment box image file not be send
send me in facebook
Hello sir i would send the cricuit digram into ur facebook id sir…
send it here:
https://www.facebook.com/swagatam.majumdar.7
Good day,
I am new to electronics.
Digikey had an article on connecting NPN transistors in parallel – to avoid thermal runaway. (TIP41C)
I gained a lot of insight from your article.
From the diagram you have in your article I can see an orange box (resistor), connected to the base.
How do we measure this base resistor, if at all it is needed.
What wattage should be the resistors (emitter and/or base )
Thank you Christopher, Glad you liked my site!
I have updated the info in the article please check it out.
Wattage of the emitter resistor will be V x I, 12 x 10 = 120 watts, that looks too big, but if the load current is at full 10 amps then it will be this big….
Thank u so much let me try out those ideas ,becoz was stranded with rhat problem of thermo heating of bjts
Glad it helped Mubiru, thanks for your feedback!
Thanks for the article. I’m designing a constant current circuit for a power supply and was actually thinking of using 2n3055 transistors. I want it to be able to handle at least 25 amps or more, so thought about 2 or even more in parallel. Your article answered my question. I know that I could probably use a single mosfets, but have a good supply of 2n3055s. Can make them very easy to replace if needed also.
Thanks again,
Ken
Thank you for liking the post, yes you can certainly try that!
Thanks very much !