The following posts explains how to build a simple to build FM stereo transmitter circuit using IC BA1404.
About the IC BA1404
An exceptional stereo audio FM wireless transmitter circuit is presented below.
The circuit relies upon the IC BA1404 from ROHM Semiconductors.
BA1404 is a monolithic FM stereo modulator which includes integrated stereo modulator, FM modulator, RF amplifier circuitry.
The FM modulator could be controlled from 76 to 108MHz and power source for the circuit could be nearly anything between one.25 to three volts.
Circuit Operation
In the circuit R7, C16, C14 and R6, C15, C13 makes the pre-emphasis system for the right and left stations respectively.
This is achieved for complementing the frequency response of the FM transmitter with the FM receiver.
Inductor L1 and capacitor C5 is employed to fix the oscillator frequency. Group C9,C10, R4,R5 enhances the station splitting up.
38kHz crystal X1 is linked between pins 5 and 6 of the IC. Composite stereo reception is formed by the stereo modulator circuit employing the 38kHz quartz regulated frequency.
Construct the circuit on a high quality PCB.
Operating the circuit from a battery pack minimizes disturbances.
Work with an 80 cm copper cable as antenna.
For L1 try to make three turns of 0.5mm dia enamelled copper wire on a 5mm dia ferrite core.
Stereo FM Transmitter Circuit Diagram
An improved version of the above design is explained in the following post.
The FM stereo transmitter circuit described below can be used for broadcasting a much clearer stereo FM music to all nearby FM radios.
FM basics
Most of the basic wireless FM transmitters tend to be monophonic only. A stereo broadcast signal features a pair of channels: left and right. The sound frequency cover a bandwidth of 50 to 15,000 Hertz, along with the higher frequencies provided a treble boost or pre-emphasis for noise-reduction.
Each channels are incorporated collectively and broadcast as primary channel audio (L+R) to ensure that monophonic FM receivers will manage to reproduce the entire input music content for the audience to take pleasure from.
Together with the main channel music, a stereo signal includes a 19 -kHz pilot carrier at 10% amplitude of the primary channel, and also a sideband subcarrier from 23 kHz to 53 kHz made up of the difference between the right and left audio signals (L - R).
The stereo receiver makes use of the 19 kHz signal to duplicate a phase locked 38 kHz signal (kept in check at the transmitter) to decode the sideband carriers back into the right and left channels. The following figure displays the frequency spectrum of an FM stereo signal.
The receiver additionally offers a treble cut (known as de-emphasis), that makes up for the pre-emphasis that has been included at the transmitter.
How it works
The main part of this circuit design is the IC1, a BA1404 FM stereo transmitter as shown in the figure above. The left - channel input signal is tweaked to correct level by RI.
Treble boost (pre-emphasis) is supplied by the parallel blend of Cl and R3.
This matches the acoustic specs to the standard 75 microsecond as per the rules by the FCC. Sound is paired by C10 to the left-channel input of IC1 on pin 1. Bad RF disturbances are bypassed to ground via C2 to protect against undesirable feedback.
The right channel input stage to pin 18 of ICI is actually the same as the left channel. Power supply decoupling executed by C14, and any prior amplification for the sound input is decoupled by C12 on pin 2 of the chip.
A 38 -kHz signal is necessary to multiplex the incoming sound and develop the preliminary carrier signal.
The inner circuit stages of IC1 facilitates the application of a 38 kHz SX-cut crystal, as proven by the dotted line within the schematic of Figure above.
However, the 38 kHz crystals can be tough to get in the market, plus they may cost a lot if you happen to get one.
A much more easily accessible crystal, may be available that operates at 38.400 kHz.
This works in the majority of conditions: studies conducted in the course of the development of this particular design confirmed that a few FM stereo receivers might not "shake hands" reliably to the pilot carrier created from 38.400 kHz crystal.
The remedy was to work with an extremely secure alternative Hartley oscillator built using cheap, easily accessible components in place of either crystal oscillator.
The 38 kHz sine wave is produced by Q1 and the adjacent parts (the Hartley oscillator). High gain transistor Q1 features a gain of over 300: lower gain devices may well not perform because of the reduced supply voltage (1.5 volts DC) which is supplied by a single AA cell.
The variable inductor employed for T1 is a 1st intermediate frequency (IF) transformer commonly seen in portable transistor radios, and it is intended for 455 kHz processing.
The coil in T1 is packed with ample capacitance by C23 to carry its working frequency down to approximately 38 kHz. It is possible to fine-tune Ti's core to place the oscillator precisely on frequency.
Despite the fact that the oscillator may possibly drift a lot more compared to a quartz crystal, it's certainly not an issue simply because receivers make use of phase locked loops which could track the trivial floating away.
Take note that the circuit is not going to oscillate if transformer Ti's wiring is flipped or reversed. A base view of Ti is shown in Fig to assist you with the connections.
The multiplexed audio tracks comes out of pin 14 of IC1 and is blended with the pilot carrier on pin 13 with the aid of the circuitry of R5, R6, C22, and C13.
The resulting audio output is sent to the modulator input at pin 12. To circumvent any kind of RF feedback complications, pin 12 is bypassed through C6. A Colpitts oscillator, working from 88 to 95 MHz, is created at pins 9 and 10 together with the circuitry of C15 to C17, C20, and L3.
The crude frequency realignment is done by adjusting the coil turn gaps of L3, and the fine tweaking done via C20.
RF energy which is developed through the tank circuit is held back from running back into the power supply stages using bypass capacitor C7 and RF choke L2.
The crude frequency realignment is done by adjusting the coil turn gaps of L3, and the fine tweaking done via C20. RF energy which is developed through the tank circuit is held from running back into the power supply stages using bypass capacitor C7 and RF-choke L2.
The modulated transmission at pin 10 of ICI is combined internally to the RF output amplifier comprising C18, C19, and L4 attached to pin 7.
This stage enhances the oscillator audio to commute the antenna, and this inhibits variations in antenna loading via switching the oscillator frequency.
A tap is extracted at a point on L4 on the antenna for having the highest possible power transmission.
The structure of IC1 is hard-wired intended for 1.5 volt operation having an absolute maximum of 3.5 volts.
Initial examining of this circuit revealed that the broadcast range failed to expand substantially when 3 volts was utilized to supply the circuit, and the current consumption increased 3 times .
As a result, the rise in operating voltage is not really advised. The FM transmitter circuit consumes just about 5 mA, therefore just one AA cell might serve for a quite a while.
Construction
Any circuit working with high frequencies demands appropriate grounding and shielding. However. in order to make this assignment as easy as possible, a PCB was not used.
Instead of a PCB, an empty one sided copper clad had been utilized, with the copper on the component side creating a ground plane, and wiring connections done on the opposite side.
The constructor will be able to identify each of the essential components intended for this circuit design.
As demonstrated in main figure, the majority of the components can be seen with one terminal heading straight to ground. For these components you need to drill a hole through the board just for the ungrounded pin.
The other pin could be soldered right to the ground surface on top of the PCB. It is recommended that you drill and solder the parts step by step. Doing this it might be simpler to fix each of the components correctly.
Make sure to maintain all terminals as small as you can.
Additionally, ensure that decoupling capacitors be positioned as near as feasible to the pins of ICI, L3, and L4.
You can construct coil L3 by compactly winding 3 turns of #20 enameled wire upon the shaft of a 3/16 inch drill bit and stretching it out to 1/4 inch immediately after its taken of from the drill bit.
To create coil L4, wind four turns of #20 wire closely as suggested before, and pull the turns out up to 3/8 inch after removing from the drill shaft. Each coils are installed on the board 1/46 inch raised over the board copper surface.
Position the coils at right angles to one another and at minimum 1 inch separated to minimize coupling across the two. The RF chokes (L1 and L2) also needs to be installed at right angles to coils L3 and L4.
Checkout and tune up Take a couple of minutes to examine your hard work. Make certain the copper is taken off all around the slots meant for component terminal through pass.
Prior to switching ON power, do a couple of inspections with the ohmmeter from ICI's pins to ground to verify if any kind of shorts are present where these really should not.
Additionally look for appropriate polarity of the electrolytic capacitors. Attach the battery and determine the current drain; it must be below 5 milliamps.
Connect the antenna to the top of L4, on the very first turn from the end which is linked to pin 7 of IC1.
The 17 inch antenna shown for the prototype will be the size in most cases identified on portable radios; use just the right size for the antenna to prevent disturbances with the radios nearby. Integrate a stereo music signal to the transmitter left at J1 and right at J2.
Adjust your FM radio across the whole band tuning in for the transmitted signal. Adjust C19 and C20 at their center points and fine-tune L3 at around 92 MHz. Now you can employ C20 to align for the specified frequency.
Even though you most likely have a decent broadcasting range, it is possible to optimize the circuit for highest output by tracking the signal power indicator on the FM receiver you may be working with, and stretching or compressing the coil gap between the turns of L4 using a insulated, non-magnetic instrument.
As you near the optimum point, the coils tend to be somewhat interactive, therefore modifying just one may impact the other. Keep doing the procedure until you achieve a highest possible outcome.
Having a stereo signal placed on J1 and J2, tune in to the output from the FM receiver, ideally via headphones, and fine-tune R1 and R2 to the level slightly below where distortion comes about on noisy parts of audio. An signal level slightly below 200 mV is recommended at the input.
The 38 kHz oscillator is ideally tweaked using a frequency counter attached to pin 5 of ICI.
If the equipment is not accessible, you may fine-tune the core of T1 reading the positions where the receiver's stereo indicator light triggers ON and off. Adjust the core midway in between these two positions.
Additional Adjustments
There could be instances when you would like to broadcast a monophonic transmission, say for example a speaker's output to an auditorium sound system.
A toggle switch could be included with the circuit to insert a 0.01 µF capacitor across IC pin 6 ICI and ground to restrict stereo functioning.
If perhaps a long term monophonic functioning is preferred, the 38 kHz oscillator elements and C5 could be removed from the circuit.
Incorporating an electret MIC to the J1 input with a 2.2K resistor attached to + 1.5 volts will turn this circuit into a wireless microphone for kids-room tracking or for use in lecture rooms. Hook up the components into the circuit in place of R1 as demonstrated below.
Stereo function lets you use two inputs together. You could possibly consider incorporating vocals on one channel and musical instrument on the other for the program from your audio system.
Alternatively, you could also keep track of the phone or an infant on the left channel and tune in to your scanning device on the right channel all at a time as you clean up your vehicle or mow your garden, or when you wear a headphone receiver.
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