In this article I have explained how to calculate and the find the value of the zener diode resistor using simple formulas. What is a Zener Diode Zener diodes are semiconductor devices which are used for regulating an input DC voltage to any desired output voltage. The regulated output voltage value directly depends on the […]
Electronics Theory
How To Use And Program ATmega Microcontrollers From Scratch Without Arduino
ATmega microcontrollers, they are coming from the AVR family which Atmel developed long back, and later this Atmel company was taken by Microchip. So now officially Microchip owns it but still people say Atmel AVR only. These MCUs became very popular slowly because they are easy to understand, quite affordable, stable in long run and […]
Understanding AC Circuit and Calculating AC Waveform
The sinusoidal waveform or sine wave is the most commonly used AC waveform in circuit theory. When a periodic AC waveform is produced by a voltage source, it creates an EMF that changes polarity at regular intervals, with the time it takes to complete one full reversal known as the waveform’s period. Direct current, also […]
How to Connect Resistors in Series and Parallel
There are three ways to interconnect resistors: series, parallel and in combination of series/parallel. When resistors are joined in series, the current passing via one resistor also passes through the next. When resistors are joined in parallel, they are wired across each other, resulting in the same voltage across each resistor. When resistors are connected […]
Diodes: Working, How to Use, Applications
It’s John Ambrose Fleming (1849-1945), a British engineer, who invented the first diode in 1904, in the form of an electron tube. Later, with the development of semiconductor technology, the diode became a dipole consisting of two substrates: one, rich in free electrons, and of type N, the other deficient in electrons, and of type […]
Constant Current Generator Circuits Explained
Constant current generators (CCGs), as the name suggests, are circuits designed to produce a steady load current regardless of significant fluctuations in load resistance or voltage levels. Basic Constant Current Generator Circuit Illustrated in Figure 1 is a basic example of such a circuit. In this configuration, Q1 operates in the common emitter mode. A […]