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Electronics Theory

How Flex Resistors Work and how to Interface it with Arduino for Practical Implementation

Last Updated on January 4, 2024 by Swagatam 3 Comments

flex circuit

As electronics enthusiasts we may come across many kinds of resistors, from small fixed resistor to high current bulk rheostat. There are humongous classifications among resistors, but here we will focus on a particular kind of resistor called “flex resistor” and learn how it works. As the name signifies a flex resistor is flexible and […]

Filed Under: Electronics Theory Tagged With: Arduino, Flex, Interface, Practical, Resistors, Work

Understanding Capacitor Codes and Markings

Last Updated on February 8, 2025 by Swagatam 45 Comments

1

In this article I will comprehensively explain everything regarding how to read and understand capacitor codes and markings through various diagrams and charts. The information can be used for identifying and selecting capacitors correctly for a given circuit application. By Surbhi Prakash Capacitor Codes and associated Markings The various parameters of the capacitors such as […]

Filed Under: Electronics Theory Tagged With: Capacitor, Codes, Markings, Understanding

How PNP Transistors Work

Last Updated on August 19, 2020 by Swagatam 8 Comments

pnptransistor

In this post I have explained regarding how a PNP transistor works or conducts in response to a fixed biasing voltage and a varying supply voltage, across its base and emitter. The question was put forth by Mr. Aaron Keenan. Question Regarding PNP BJT Working Great information and lots of interesting circuits!I have a question […]

Filed Under: Electronics Theory Tagged With: PNP, Transistors, Work

Notch Filter Circuits with Design Details

Last Updated on July 13, 2024 by Swagatam 3 Comments

In this article I will provide a detailed explanation regarding how to design notch filters with precise center frequency and for maximum impact. Where Notch Filter are Used Notch filter circuits are normally used for suppressing, nullifying, or cancelling a particular range of frequencies in order to avoid an annoying or unwanted interference within a […]

Filed Under: Audio and Amplifier Projects, Electronics Theory Tagged With: Circuits, Design, Details, Filter, Notch

What’s Internal Resistance of Battery

Last Updated on July 7, 2019 by Swagatam 2 Comments

fig2B1

In this post we try to investigate internal resistance of battery and try to learn the critical characteristics involved with this battery parameter. What’s Internal Resistance of Battery The internal resistance (IR) of a battery is basically the level of opposition to the passage of electrons or current through the battery in a closed loop. […]

Filed Under: Electronics Theory Tagged With: Battery, Internal, Resistance

Calculating Filter Capacitor for Smoothing Ripple

Last Updated on July 13, 2024 by Swagatam 57 Comments

In the previous article I explained about ripple factor in power supply circuits, here we continue and evaluate the formula for calculating ripple current, and consequently the filter capacitor value for eliminating the ripple content in the DC output. The previous post explained how a DC content after rectification may carry the maximum possible  amount […]

Filed Under: Electronics Theory Tagged With: Calculating, Capacitor, Filter, Ripple, Smoothing

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