A digital-to-analog converter (DAC, D/A, D2A, or D-to-A) is a circuit designed to convert a digital input signal into an analog output signal. The analog-to-digital converter (ADC) works in the opposite way and transforms an analog input signal into a digital output. In this article I will comprehensively discuss how digital to analog, and analog to digital converter circuits work, using diagrams and formulas. In […]
Archives for 2019
How Varactor (Varicap) Diodes Work
A varactor diode, also called varicap, VVC (voltage-variable capacitance, or tuning diode, is a type of semiconductor diode which features a variable voltage-dependent capacitance on its p-n junction when the device is reversed biased. Reverse bias basically means when the diode is subjected to an opposite voltage, meaning a positive voltage at the cathode, and […]
How MOSFETs Work: Depletion Type, Enhancement Type
Two main types of FETs that presently exist are: JFETs and MOSFETs. MOSFETs can be further classified into depletion type and enhancement type. Both these types define the fundamental mode of operation of MOSFETs, while the term MOSFET itself is the abbreviation of metal-oxide-semiconductor-field-effect transistor. Due to the fact that the two types have different […]
How to Make PCB at Home (Easiest Method)
For any electronic enthusiast making PCBs for an electronic project can be a lot of fun. A printed circuit board or PCB not only helps to build compact circuit projects, it also guarantees the working of the circuit fail proof and more accurate. In this post I will comprehensively explain a step wise process of […]
What is beta (β) in BJTs
In bipolar junction transistors the factor that determines the sensitivity level of the device to base current, and the amplification level at its collector is called beta or the hFE. This also determines the gain of the device. In other words, if the BJT uses relatively higher current to switch its collector load optimally then […]
Darlington Transistor Calculations
Darlington transistor is a well known and popular connection using a pair of bipolar transistor junction transistor (BJT), designed for operating like an unified “superbeta” transistor. The following diagram shows the details of the connection. Definition A Darlington transistor can be defined as a connection between two BJTs that allows them to form a single […]