In this post I am going to explain various communication protocols that are used by microcontrollers, microprocessors and ICs for communicating with various sensors, electronic drivers, input and output devices. We will see: Why do communication protocols exist in electronics? UART protocol. I2C or IIC or “I squared C” protocol. SPI or Serial Peripheral Interface […]
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Diodes: Working, How to Use, Applications
It’s John Ambrose Fleming (1849-1945), a British engineer, who invented the first diode in 1904, in the form of an electron tube. Later, with the development of semiconductor technology, the diode became a dipole consisting of two substrates: one, rich in free electrons, and of type N, the other deficient in electrons, and of type […]
Light Emitting Diodes (LED) Explained
The full form of LED is Light Emitting Diode. LEDs are special type of semiconductor diodes which emit light in response to a potential difference applied across their terminals, hence the name light emitting diode. Just like a normal diode LEDs also have two terminals with polarity, namely anode and cathode. To illuminate an LED […]
How to Make Logic Gates using Transistors
In this post I have explained how to build NOT, AND, NAND, OR, and NOR logic gates using discrete transistors. The main advantage of using transistor logic gates is that they can work even with voltages as low as 1.5 V. In some electronic applications the available voltage may be inadequate to power TTL or […]
How to Calculate Zener Diode Resistor
In this article I have explained how to calculate and the find the value of the zener diode resistor using simple formulas. What is a Zener Diode Zener diodes are semiconductor devices which are used for regulating an input DC voltage to any desired output voltage. The regulated output voltage value directly depends on the […]
Understanding AC Circuit and Calculating AC Waveform
The sinusoidal waveform or sine wave is the most commonly used AC waveform in circuit theory. When a periodic AC waveform is produced by a voltage source, it creates an EMF that changes polarity at regular intervals, with the time it takes to complete one full reversal known as the waveform’s period. Direct current, also […]