An AC mains high/low cut-off device will cut off or disconnect the mains supply from home electrical whenever a high voltage or low voltage situation is detected. In this way it ensures total safety to the home wiring and appliances from fire hazards, due to abnormal over voltages, brown outs or low voltages.
The article describes 3 accurate automatic over and under voltage cut out circuits can be made at home for protecting the domestic appliances from sudden dangerous high and low voltage influxes.
The first cut-off circuit discusses a transformer based circuit with 4 LED indicators, the second and third voltage protection circuits use only a couple of op amps, and work without a transformer, while the fourth concept explains a transistor based cut off circuit.
All of these units can be installed at home for controlling over and under voltage cut off protection.
1) High/Low Mains Voltage Cut-off with Indicators
The AC mains high and low voltage cut off circuit explained in this article is very easy to build and yet very reliable and accurate.
The circuit utilizes a single IC LM 324 for the necessary detection and instantly switches the relevant relays so that the connected loads are isolated from the dangerous inputs.
The circuit also provides visual indications of the respective voltage levels during any instant.
The following circuit utilizes a transformer for powering the circuit
Circuit Diagram
Parts List for the proposed high, low mains voltage protector circuit.
- R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9 = 4K7 = 9
- P1, P2, P3, P4 = 10 K Presets = 4
- C1 = 1000 uF/ 25 V = 1
- Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4 = 6 Volts, 400 mW = 4
- D1 = 1N4007 =1
- D2, D3 = 1N4148 = 2
- T1 = BC557B = 1
- LED = All are 20 mA, 3.3 V = 5
- Transformer = 0 – 12 V, 500 mA = 1
- Relay = SPDT, 12 Volt, 400 Ohm = 1
Circuit Operation
The present design of a high voltage and low voltage cut off circuit is not only highly accurate but also provides visual indications regarding the relevant voltages insteps.
The accuracy is so high that virtually the thresholds can be separated and sensed within 5 volts range.
The incorporation of opamps in the circuit equips it with the above feature and therefore the whole idea become very much reliable.
Let’s understand the circuit in details:
How the opamps Operate as Comparators
The opamps, A1, A2, A3, A4 are obtained from a single IC LM324, which is a quad opamp IC, means consists of four opamp blocks in one package.
The IC is outstandingly reliable and easy to configure and hardly poses a problem with its functioning, in short it has robust specs and is too flexible with most of the configurations.
The four opamps are rigged as voltage comparators. The inverting inputs of all the opamps are clamped to a fixed reference value of 6 volts which is done through a resistance/zener network for each of the opamps discretely.
Op amp A2 and A3 are configured as window comparators, meaning the outputs of both these opamps will be zero volts or logic low, as long as the input AC is within the normal range, as set by the presets P2, P3.
A2 controls the low voltage cut-off while the A3 monitors the high voltage cut off point.
The remaining opamps A1 and A4 are simply rigged as voltage indicators along with the associated yellow, orange, green, red LEDs.
How to Setup
Setting up of the presets P1 to P4 are implemented by first evaluating the various DC levels that would match the corresponding AC mains voltage levels.
This is elaborately explained under the "Calculating the Cut-off Thresholds" section below.
Let's assume the DC supply voltage from the bridge is 12 V when the mains input AC is at 220 V.
Next, let's suppose we want to illuminate the yellow LED at 10 V in response to 183 V, orange LED at 11 V in response to mains 201 V, top green LED at 14.5 V corresponding to 265 V input AC, and RED LED at 15.5 V corresponding to 284 V mains input.
Initially keep the transformer disconnected, and the relay also disconnected from the transistor.
Using a variable power supply, set a voltage of 10 V across the op amp circuit, and adjust the P4 preset until the yellow LED just illuminates.
Next, increase the supply to 11 V, this should instantly shut off the yellow LED. Now tweak and shuffle the P3 preset until the orange LED just light up.
Increase the voltage supply to 12 V, this should instantly shut off the orange LED.
Next, increase the DC supply to 14.5 V, tweak and shuffle P2 until you find a point on the preset P2 where the green LED at the transistor base just shuts off, but reducing the voltage slightly below 14. 5 V quickly illuminates it.
Finally, adjust the DC level to 15.5 V, which should switch OFF the transistor base LED. After this, tweak and shuffle the preset P1, until you see the red LED just illuminating.
This completes the Setting up procedures, now you can connect the relay with the transistor collector, and the transformer input with the mains, and expect the circuit to work exactly as per the settings.
2) Using Two Op amps Only
After some analysis, I realized that the above high, low mains voltage cut off protector circuit could be simplified into a much easier version using just a couple of op amps.
Please refer to the diagram given below; it's self-explanatory and very simple to understand.
However if you have problems understanding it, shoot me a comment.
Caution: Visually Conflicting Issues
All the op amp based diagram explained below have a few visually conflicting issues, which are explained below. Readers are requested to kindly take these issues into consideration and adjust the interpretation accordingly:
- The lower op amp is set to control the upper voltage limit.
- The upper op amp is configured to control the lower voltage limit.
- Preset P1 is designated for op amp A2.
- Preset P2 is designated for opamp A1.
As you can see the the designations of the parameters are conflicting with each other.
Except the above issue, the circuit is technically perfect and will work exactly as specified in the descriptions.
There are many versions of the high/low AC mains protection circuit included in the present article.
The first one below explains a capacitive powered version, using only two opamps and a triac.
Transformerless/Triac Version
The transformerless mains high low voltage cut off circuit version of the above explained design can be visualized in the following diagram:
Warning: The below shown circuit is not isolated from mains AC. Handle with extreme caution to avoid a fatal mishap.
Using a Single Relay
If a single relay is intended to be used instead of a triac, the design could be modified as shown in the following figure:
Please use a 22uF/25V capacitor across the transistor base and ground, just to make sure the relay does not stutter during the changeover periods...
Using PNP Relay Driver
As shown in the given mains AC high, low voltage protector circuit, we can see two opamps from the IC LM 324 are used for the required detection.
The upper opamp has its non inverting input rigged to a preset and is terminated to the supply DC voltage, pin #2 here is provided with a reference level, so that as soon as the potential at pin #3 goes above the set threshold (by P1), the output of the opamp goes high.
Quite similarly the lower opamp is also configured for some voltage threshold detection, however here the pins are just reversed, making the opamp output go high with low voltage input detection.
Therefore, the upper op amp responds to high voltage threshold and lower op amp to low voltage threshold. For both the detections, the output of the respective op amp becomes high.
Diodes D5 and D7 make sure that their junction produces a common output from the opamp output pin outs.
Thus whenever any one of the op amp output goes high, it is produced at the junction of D5, D7 cathodes.
Transistor T1’s base is connected to the above diode junction, and as long as the opamps output remain low, T1 is allowed to conduct by getting the biasing voltage through R3.
However the moment any of the opamp output goes high (which may happen during abnormal voltage conditions) the diode junction also becomes high, restricting T1 from conducting.
Relay R1 instantly switches OFF itself and the connected load. Thus the connected load remains ON as long as the opamp outputs are low, which in turn can only happen when the input mains is within the safe window level, as adjusted by P1 and P2. P1 is set for detecting high voltage levels while P2 for the lower unsafe voltage level.
Calculating the Cut-off Thresholds
The basic idea is to make A2 output HIGH, when the mains AC goes above the higher mains voltage cut-off point, and to make A1 output HIGH when the AC mains input goes under the lower voltage cut-off threshold.
The outputs of A1, and A2 op amps are supposed to remain LOW, as long as the input AC stays within the stipulated normal voltage range.
The mains input AC voltage levels will be very linear with the DC output levels across the +/- lines of the circuit, or across the bridge rectifier output.
Therefore, the DC level across the bridge rectifier, applied to the circuit will vary linearly in response to the varying AC mains input.
This means that, we have to first check and measure the DC levels that exactly coincide or correspond to the upper and lower cut off thresholds of the mains AC.
This can be done in the following manner:
Remove the complete circuit from the bridge rectifier output, and check the DC voltage across the bridge rectifier through a DC voltmeter.
Let's say you find it to be 13.2 V, now quickly change the range of the meter to AC mains level and check the voltage at the AC mains side of the transformer. Let's say you find it to be 230 V.
This would mean that 230 V input AC produces an output DC of 13.2V.
Once the above info is confirmed, the corresponding upper and lower thresholds could be calculated through a simple cross multiplication, as explained below:
230/200 = 13.2/A
- Here, 230 represents the normal AC input voltage.
- 13.2 indicates the corresponding normal DC at 230 V input AC
- 200 is assumed to be the lower cut off threshold.
- A is the required DC corresponding to the 200 V lower cut off threshold
Solving the above gives us:
A = 11.47 V which is our lower cut-off DC at 200 V input AC.
Likewise, the upper cut-off DC can be found as:
230/260 = 13.2/B, here B is the upper cut-off DC corresponding to the 260 V high AC input.
Solving the above gives us:
B = 14.92 V, which is our higher DC cut-off voltage value, corresponding to the 260 V high AC voltage.
Setting up the Presets
Now, since we know the lower and the upper DC levels at which the relay needs to activate, we can set up the two presets accordingly, with the help of the following points:
- You will need a variable power supply for the setting power supply, which should be able to produce an adjustable output from lower than 10 V DC to a maximum of 15 V DC, or higher.
- First, adjust the above power supply output to the lower cut off level of 11.47 V or 11.50 V
- Disconnect the opamp/relay circuit from the bridge rectifier circuit and connect this 11.50 V with the op amp.
- Connect a DC voltmeter across A1 op amp output and the ground line.
- Tweak and adjust the P2 preset until you find A1 output becoming HIGH.
- Now adjust the input supply DC to slightly over 11.50 V, let's say to 11. 90 V.
- This should immediately cause the A1 output to turn LOW.
- Once you see this you can confirm that the lower cut-off level corresponding to the 200 V and below is set.
- Now, increase the input DC level to the upper cut-off level of 14.92 V.
- With the DC voltmeter now connected across the A2 output and the ground line, start adjusting and tweaking the preset P1, until you find the A2 output turning HIGH.
- Once you find the output turning HIGH at 14.92 V, decrease this level slightly down to may be 14.70 V. This should instantly turn the A2 output LOW again.
- This will confirm that your upper cut-off threshold corresponding to 260 V is set and working.
- To confirm the results even further, vary the input DC between 10 V and 15 V, you should find the transistor getting switched OFF as soon as the voltage is reduced below 11.50 V or when the input DC is increased above 14.90 V.
- This also means that the transistor will remain switched ON and the relay will remain activated (in NO position) only as long as the input DC is within the window limit between 11.50 V and 14. 90 V, which corresponds to the normal AC level between 200 V and 260 V. Beyond or outside these limits, the relay will get deactivated (in NC position) causing the relay and the load to switch OFF.
Pin Details of IC LM 324
Parts List for the above mains high, low voltage protector circuit
R1, R2, R3 = 2K2 = 3
P1and P2 = 10K preset = 2
C1 = 220uF/25V = 1
All diodes are = 1N4007 = 8
T1 = BC557 = 1
Relay = 12 V, 400Ohms, SPDT =1
op amps = 2 opamps from IC LM 324 = 1
Zeners = 4.7 volts, 400mW =1
Transformer = 12V, 500mA =1
PCB Layout
So far we learned an IC version of the circuit, now let's see how a mains 220V or 120V operated over voltage and under voltage protection circuit can be built using just a couple of transistors.
A very simple circuit presented when installed in the house electrical may help in restricting the issue to a great extent.
Here we will learn two designs of over and under voltage circuits, the first based on transistors and the other one using an opamp.
3) Over/Under Voltage Cut Off Circuit Using Transistors
You will be surprised to know that a nice little circuit for the said protections can be built using just a couple of transistors and a few other passive components.
Looking at the figure we can see a very simple arrangement where T1 and T2 are fixed as an inverter configuration, meaning T2 responds oppositely to T1. Please refer to the circuit diagram.
In simple words when T1 conducts, T2 switches OFF and vice versa. The sensing voltage which is derived from the DC supply voltage itself is fed to the base of T1 via preset P1.
The preset is used so that the tripping thresholds can be determined precisely and the circuit understands when to execute the control actions.
How to Set the Preset for Automatic Cut off
P1 is set for detecting high voltage limits. Initially when the voltage is within the safe window, T1 remains switched OFF and this allows the required biasing voltage to pass through P2 and reach T2, keeping it switched ON.
Therefore the relay is also kept activated and the connected load receives the required AC voltage.
However in case suppose, the mains voltage exceeds the safe limit, the sensing sample voltage at the base of T1 also rises above the set threshold, T1 immediately conducts and grounds the base of T2. This results in switching OFF of T2 and also the relay and the corresponding load.
The system thus restricts the dangerous voltage from reaching the load and safeguards it as expected from it.
Now suppose the mains voltage goes too low, T1 is already switched OFF and at this situation T2 also stops conducting due to the settings of P2, which is set so that T2 stops conducting when the Mains input goes below a certain unsafe level.
Thus the relay is once again tripped OFF, cutting of power to the load and prompting the required safety measures.
Though the circuit is reasonably accurate, the window threshold is too wide, meaning the circuit triggers only for voltage levels above 260V and below 200V, or above 130V and below 100 V for 120 V normal supply inputs.
Therefore, the circuit may not be very useful for folks who might be looking for absolutely accurate tripping points and controls which can be optimized as per ones personal preference.
To make this possible a couple of opamps may be required to be included instead of transistors.
Parts List for the above AC mains over voltage, under voltage protection circuit.
- R1, R2 = 1K = 2
- P1, P2 = 10K =2
- T1, T2 = BC547B =2
- C1 = 220uF/25V = 1
- RELAY = 12V, 400 OHMS, SPDT = 1
- D1 = 1N4007 = 1
- TR1 = 0-12V, 500mA = 1
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